Backup Devices and Strategies Essay -- Software Computers Technology E

Backup Devices and StrategiesTable of ContentsIntroduction ..3Removable Storage ... 3 Capacity .. 3 Media Cost .. 3 Storage Media Chart......4 Tape Base Systems ....4 Magnetic-Optical Systems .5 MO Picture...5Net exertion Storage6 Backup softw be system ..8 Backup Principles ....9 Backup Diagram..10Power Failures...10If youre concerned about selective information integrity, it shouldnt be news to you to back up regularly. As hard drives get larger and larger, we have more to lose if something goes wrong. Archiving is usually important in any business setting or for people severely into document-management systems. Your PCs data is worth a lot more than the PC itself. Spend a bit more money to treasure the data with removable storage, a simple backup scheme, and a decent electric power protection. Together they dont cost much, and they add up to data insurance. The simplest mechanism for ensuring sustained operations is to increase the ease of reproducibility. This is the reason that backups are done.Removable StorageCapacitySuper-floppy drives use high-density magnetic media and an enhanced read/ indite head design to increase disk capacity. These drives do double duty. They read and write not only super-floppy disks, but also common 1.44MB floppy disks, examples of these are Imations 120MB SuperDisk (formerly the LS-120) or Sonys 250MBHiFD drive.If you are being selective and want to archive up to 650MB of files, CD-Recordable (CD-R) and Cd-Rewritable (CD-RW) drives are a great option. CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) is another useful mean(a) for storing up to 650MB of data. These drives allow you to overwrite data previously written to a disc, so the disks are recyclable you can use packet-writing software to drag and drop curtain files to CD-RW discs or convention premastering software to write sessions to your discs, so the medium is a fairly flexible one to use.For archiving larger files, high-cap acity cartridge drives, such as the Jaz and Jaz2, fracture 1GFB and 2GB ... ...sF.DAT DrivesG.MO DrivesH.Jaz Drives15.Matching the appropriate storage technology to an application is a balancing act between E.cost, performance, and capacityF.what you like and what you can affordG.what Packy recommends and what you wantH.What your boss tells you to buy16.To protect your documents from havoc, you simply must performE.Regular maintenance on your PCF. regularly scheduled backups,G.format your hard drive regularlyH.Spellchecker17.Most tape manufacturers recommend E.You transmutation tapes regularlyF.You do a combination of full backups and incremental backupsG.You rely on your hard driveH.You pray that nothing will happen to your work18.Incremental backups typically require ____________ capacity then full backups?E.More storageF.Less storageG.The same storageH.None of the above19.Spend a bit more money to protect the data withE.Removable storage, a simple backup scheme, and a decent electric power protection.F.A better PC and a ZIP DriveG.Calling in a good electrician H.Cat 5 wiring and a Network Technician20.Super-floppy drives useE.120MB SuperDiskF.1.44 Floppy DiskG.CD-R DisksH.Both A and B

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectations Essays

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Charles Dickens wrote Great Expectations in 1860-1861 when he was inLondon. It is repose in the mid(prenominal) nineteenth century, in Kent, and London.The basic plot of Great Expectations is touch, a young orphan living with his sister and her husband in themarshes of Kent, sits in a memorial park one evening looking at hisparents tombstones. Suddenly, an escaped convict springs up frombehind a tombstone, grabs wipe up, and come ins him to bring him food and a burden for his leg irons. Pip obeys, but the fearsome convict is sooncaptured anyway. The convict protects Pip by claiming to have stolenthe items himself. One day his uncle takes him to Miss Havishams houseto play. A few eld later he is apprenticed to his sisters husband.One-day pip is told that he is to live in London and has greatexpectations thanks to a secret friend. A couple of days after thisthe convict comes back to pip and tells him that he is the person thathas been supplying all the money to him and that ever since Pip helphim he promised himself that he would bewilder Pip a gentleman. Pip isappalled at this but helps the convict to escape back to Australia.Before the convict escapes he is caught is localise back into prison, hegets ill and dies. Before he dies he tells Pip that he has a daughterwho was put up for adoption when she was a baby. Pip believes this tobe Estella (who he used to play with at miss Havishams house and is inlove with her). Miss havisham has died and has left her money to thepockets. Pip decides to go overseas with his friend to work. later on somehave past Pip comes back home where he goes to Miss Havishams oldhouse where he finds Estella. He finds her iciness and hardness hasbeen repl... ...d cordial status. This idea soon changes whenPip gets to London. He tries to be a gentleman when he reaches Londonbut soon realises that he has a lot to hold in and soon he starts tohate his past, the way he was brought up. After tim e he begins to hateJoe and the way he makes his living, but when Magwitch tells him whogave the order for him to reverse a gentleman, he starts to think abouthimself and what he has become. Then he remembers where his roots are,and who his family are. This is when he realises theres two types ofgentleman the good type that he wanted to become and the bad type theone he has become. Only when he helps to save Magwitchs life byputting his own in hazard he becomes a true gentleman. Also I thinkDickens wanted us to remember where are roots are and who our truefamily and friends, by the time we had absolute reading the book. Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectations EssaysCharles Dickens Great Expectations Charles Dickens wrote Great Expectations in 1860-1861 when he was inLondon. It is set in the mid nineteenth century, in Kent, and London.The basic plot of Great Expectations isPip, a young orphan living with his sister and her husband in themarshes of Kent, sits in a cemetery one evening looking at hisparents tombstones. Suddenly, an escaped convict springs up frombehind a tombstone, grabs Pip, and orders him to bring him food and afile for his leg irons. Pip obeys, but the fearsome convict is sooncaptured anyway. The convict protects Pip by claiming to have stolenthe items himself. One day his uncle takes him to Miss Havishams houseto play. A few years later he is apprenticed to his sisters husband.One-day pip is told that he is to live in London and has greatexpectations thanks to a secret friend. A couple of years after thisthe convict comes back to pip and tells him that he is the person thathas been supplying all the money to him and that ever since Pip helphim he promised himself that he would make Pip a gentleman. Pip isappalled at this but helps the convict to escape back to Australia.Before the convict escapes he is caught is put back into prison, hegets ill and dies. Before he dies he tells Pip that he has a daughte rwho was put up for adoption when she was a baby. Pip believes this tobe Estella (who he used to play with at miss Havishams house and is inlove with her). Miss havisham has died and has left her money to thepockets. Pip decides to go abroad with his friend to work. After somehave past Pip comes back home where he goes to Miss Havishams oldhouse where he finds Estella. He finds her coldness and hardness hasbeen repl... ...d social status. This idea soon changes whenPip gets to London. He tries to be a gentleman when he reaches Londonbut soon realises that he has a lot to learn and soon he starts tohate his past, the way he was brought up. After time he begins to hateJoe and the way he makes his living, but when Magwitch tells him whogave the order for him to become a gentleman, he starts to think abouthimself and what he has become. Then he remembers where his roots are,and who his family are. This is when he realises theres two types ofgentleman the good type that he wanted to bec ome and the bad type theone he has become. Only when he helps to save Magwitchs life byputting his own in danger he becomes a true gentleman. Also I thinkDickens wanted us to remember where are roots are and who our truefamily and friends, by the time we had finished reading the book.

Spoon River in History Essay -- essays research papers

With the coming of the new century America under goes a change led by many a(prenominal) different events. The collection of poems indite in Lee Masters book Spoon River Anthology portrays the typical small town at the exterminate of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. rise the different sociable, efficient, and political trend and influences throughout the United States. The city of Spoon River went through many of the same affectionate trends that the United States experienced like social Darwinism and the change in woman purposes in society. The idea of social Darwinism had its part in the country as well as in Spoon River. In Spoon River Anthology the character Felix Schmidt found out the hard way of the concept of social Darwinism where only the strong person wins or in this case the whizz with more money wins. Schroeder the fisherman also shows the example of the new concept spreading through the country. Schroeder tells of the conflict between many different types of animals in apprisal to the Felix Schmidt case how Schmidt was the weaker of the two and loses all his property including his little doll type house. Schmidt had to become a tenant farmer, since he became a tenant farmer he had to give a portion of his profits and income to Christian Dallman who was Felixs landlord. As Spoon River grew the social conflict grew between men and women in contrast to the piece women had during the time period. The typical roles of men and women had a truly strong line of distinction between them. However with time comes change these roles slowly began to intermix, mostly the role of women began to change. Women become more active in the community and the work place. With women becoming more involved in the jobs such as teachers it led to a very new and different life style. Teachers during this time were mostly men, however with the involvement of women and the racial movement which lead the 19th amendment giving women the right to vote and to end woman suffrage. During the many different wars that the United States got into the wounded was cared for by nurses, which were most of the time women. Womens roles in the beginning of the 20th century had changed.As the economical ups and down took its tolls on the United States it also hit Spoon River hard. With the country going in and... ...talk with the most powerful man in the United States presidential term shows that United States wanted to be more into the government policy. With many new presidents moving into office each had a different idea on how to booster the United States. McKinley thought that if he would make a tariff that would raise the price on manufactured goods by 48% that it would scare off the population from buying products that were not American made, which would help raise the economy. What it did was just make things worse because other countries were putting high tariffs on American products so it attenuated the United States busine sses both large and small companies. . The people of Spoon River had encountered many different trends that had shaped the community into a typical town in the Unites States. From social Darwinism to the depression of 1893 to many different ways the railroad influenced the people and society of Spoon River. As Spoon River grows and ages with the country there will be many more and different trends and influences on the thriving little town. With many things to come from all of the different social, economical and political fields in the Unites States.

Essay --

Book Review of January by Elizabeth Nguyen 8BHenry Ford by Regina Z. Kelly is a non-fiction biography, which follows the life of a clever man born in a town called Greenfield Township, Michigan. This book revolves around Henrys personal life, his successes, and the problems he faced.Henry was born on July 30, 1863. Over the years, Henry invariably had a pocketable talent creating and fixing devices. Although he was never the best at literature, he usually found an interest in mechanical things as he grew up. He detested farming, but loved how mechanics worked. In 1879, he decided that he wanted to go work in a mechanic snoop in Detroit. He started in the Michigan Car Company, and as the years passed he worked at others, like the Edison Illuminating Company, ran by Thomas Edison. On in the altogether Years Eve in 1885, Henry met an eighteen year old girl named Clara Bryant, who he soon married three years lat er. Clara was matchless of the key hoi polloi in this book, by being a great supporter to his ideas, even if they seemed unbelievable. Especially the one about the horseless carriage. It was an idea that Henry had popular opinion of. He wanted to create an automobile that wasnt dependant on horses but rather something better. He soon began to undertake experiments to try to create his archetypical automobile. When he personally met Thomas Edison, he gained his approval of Henrys first automobile he made, and from that day, they grew a strong relationship with each other. They always supported and spent quality time with each other.After resigning from the Edison Illuminating Company in August 15, 1899, The Ford Motor Company was incorporated in 1903 with him and along with others. The Fo... ...gh man who was an executive of the business. Not many people liked him Henry was only one of his close friends. For me, I would recommend this to other people only under a few circumstanc es. I find that biographies wouldnt be a first choice for me, since Im not rattling fond with them, unless its anyone I find intriguing. Yet, some people may be up for this type of book personal preference right? Ideally, the ones who approve biographies that tell the experiences of people who made an impact on the world would like this. But also, anyone whos inspired to be a mechanic or a business person would enjoy this book, as they can get an idea of what might be happening in a business environment. Lastly, people ages ten dollar bill and up will be able to read this book. Any person younger than that may not be able to understand the vocabulary and the chief(prenominal) purpose of this biography.

Franklin D. Roosevelt: An Influential Leader Essay -- History Roosevel

Franklin D. Roosevelt An Influential LeaderFranklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was a man of unusual charm and great optimism, which he was able to communicate to others. He had a broad grimace and was a charismatic optimist whose confidence helped sustain the nation through its darkest moments during crisis like the immense Depression and World War II. He became one of the most heartfelt of U.S. presidents for four terms in office. But beneath his outward friendliness was an inner reserve and an iron will. His admirers emphasized the way in which he met the nations problems. They praised him for insistency that the federal government must help the underprivileged and that the United States must share in the responsibility for preserving world peace. Franklin Roosevelt made a profound and precise important impact upon his times and his policies exerted great influence on the future (Freidel).Assuming the Presidency in 1932, at the depth of the Great Depression, Roosevelt helped the A merican sight regain faith in themselves. He brought hope to the people when he promised supple, vigorous action, and asserted in his Inaugural Address, the only thing we have to business organization is fear itself (The White House). FDRs first one hundred days in office were cognize as The Hundred Days (The Great Depression). The important drive of Roosevelts administration was toward a balance of economic interests. He believed that he should represent all the people--farmers, laborers, and white-collar workers as well as businessmen (The Great Depression). With this in mind, he presented a wide variety of legislation to relative, which brought relief to the needy and helped improve the economy. This legislation gave authorization to a sweeping program that was knowing to bring reform, recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms or homes. The Hundred Days set a new standard for Presidents and members of Congress tha t followed Roosevelt (The Great Depression).The first order of business for FDR tackled was the banking crisis. Since the start of the Depression, Americans had lost their lifes savings. Roosevelt recognized that if he kept the banks open, panicked depositors would withdraw their money and to a greater extent banks would fail. FDR declared a bank holiday during which time a hastily prepared emergency banking bill gave the Secretary o... ...pe it needed to revive itself by delivering prompt and vigorous action. Roosevelt held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United States the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II. His domestic program, known as the New Deal, introduced far-reaching reforms within the free enterprise system and gave people a new perspective on government. FDR rallied the country after the near misadventure of Pearl Harbor, mobilizing over ten million troops. His military and diplomatic skill as the Commander in Chief durin g World War II, won him an set apart in the hearts of many Americans. Both in peacetime and in war, his impact on the office of president was enormous, making him one of the most influential leadership in US history.Works CitedAmerican Experience The Presidents. family 7, 2004, Boorstin, D. J., Kelley, B.M., and Boorstein, R. F., A History of the United States. Boston Pearson Custom Publishing, 2003. 624, 659-60.Freidel, Frank. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal. The New Book of Knowledge. 2004 ed. September 7, 2004, The Great Depression FDR and the Depression. September 7, 2004, The White House. September 7, 2004,

Franklin D. Roosevelt: An Influential Leader Essay -- History Roosevel

Franklin D. Roosevelt An Influential LeaderFranklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was a man of unusual charm and great optimism, which he was able to communicate to others. He had a broad grinning and was a charismatic optimist whose confidence helped sustain the nation through its darkest moments during crisis like the commodious Depression and World War II. He became one of the most earnest of U.S. presidents for four terms in office. But beneath his outward friendliness was an inner reserve and an iron will. His admirers emphasized the way in which he met the nations problems. They praised him for insisting that the federal government must help the underprivileged and that the United States must share in the responsibility for preserving world peace. Franklin Roosevelt made a profound and rattling important impact upon his times and his policies exerted great influence on the future (Freidel).Assuming the Presidency in 1932, at the depth of the Great Depression, Roosevelt helped the American batch regain faith in themselves. He brought hope to the people when he promised cheer, vigorous action, and asserted in his Inaugural Address, the only thing we have to charge is fear itself (The White House). FDRs first one hundred days in office were cognise as The Hundred Days (The Great Depression). The important drive of Roosevelts administration was toward a balance of economic interests. He believed that he should represent all the people--farmers, laborers, and white-collar workers as well as businessmen (The Great Depression). With this in mind, he presented a wide variety of legislation to sexual relation, which brought relief to the needy and helped improve the economy. This legislation gave authorization to a sweeping program that was intentional to bring reform, recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms or homes. The Hundred Days set a new standard for Presidents and members of Congress that f ollowed Roosevelt (The Great Depression).The first order of business for FDR tackled was the banking crisis. Since the start of the Depression, Americans had lost their lifes savings. Roosevelt recognized that if he kept the banks open, panicked depositors would withdraw their money and much banks would fail. FDR declared a bank holiday during which time a hastily prepared emergency banking bill gave the Secretary o... ...pe it needed to revive itself by delivering prompt and vigorous action. Roosevelt held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United States the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II. His domestic program, known as the New Deal, introduced far-reaching reforms within the free enterprise system and gave people a new perspective on government. FDR rallied the country after the near happening of Pearl Harbor, mobilizing over ten million troops. His military and diplomatic skill as the Commander in Chief during World War II, won him an dirty money in the hearts of many Americans. Both in peacetime and in war, his impact on the office of president was enormous, making him one of the most influential leadership in US history.Works CitedAmerican Experience The Presidents. kinfolk 7, 2004, Boorstin, D. J., Kelley, B.M., and Boorstein, R. F., A History of the United States. Boston Pearson Custom Publishing, 2003. 624, 659-60.Freidel, Frank. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal. The New Book of Knowledge. 2004 ed. September 7, 2004, The Great Depression FDR and the Depression. September 7, 2004, The White House. September 7, 2004,

Capital Budgeting Case Essay

In the two capital budgeting cases corporations (A and B) have different revenues set and expenses as well as variable depreciation expenses, tax says and discount ordinates. The members of our team had to compute both corpo sum up cases NVP, IRR, PI, Payback Period, DPP, and project a 5-year income statement and bills flow in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The future cash flows of the project and discounts them into present value amounts using a discount rate that represents the projects cost of capital and its risk is whats needs to forecast the investment. Next, all of the assets future positive cash flows are reduced into one current value number. Subtracting this number from the original cash expense requisite for the investment provides the net present value (NPV) of the investment. Using the congenital rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) measurements to evaluate projects often results in the same findings.Relationship between realize Present Value and IRRN et present value of an investment is equal to the present value of its annual free cash flow less the investments initial outlay (Kewon 2013 pg 310). Whenever the NPV is great or equal to zero we should strike the project, whenever the NPV is negative the project should be rejected. Internal rate of return answers the question of what rate of return will the project sack (Kewon 2013 pg 316). IRR is the discount rate that equates the present value of the projects free cash flows with the projects initial cash outlay (Kewon 2013 pg 316). The discount rate is the rate that is used within capital budgeting that allows for the net present value of cash flow within a project to equal zero. The higher the IRR the more(prenominal) desirable the project is versus the lower the IRR the less desirable the project is.In consequence, the NPV method indirectly assumes that cash flows over the life of the project can be invested at the projects required rate of return, whereas the use of the IR R method suggests that these cash flows could be invested at the IRR. The better statement is the one made by the NPV that the cash flows can be reinvested at the required rate of return because they can either be returned in the form of dividends to shareholders, who demand the required rate of return on their investments, or invested in a new investment project. (Keown, 2013). The NPV shows that Company B is worth more than Company A. After expenses, taxes and depreciation the keep friendship has a value that is better to acquire bay window B because of a higher IRR of 16.94% and NPV of $40,252.02 than participation A whom has an IRR of 13.05% and a NPV of $20,979.41.Net Present Value confederacy A $20,979.41 federation B $40,252.02However, with the NPV that Corporation B have it will be give the corporation, over 5 years, a current value cash return of about $40K above the 11% required rate of return. In other words, this plan will not only meet the 11% required rate, but it will give the company an additional $40. Internal Rate of ReturnWhen a project is reviewed with the hurdle rate in viewpoint, then the greater the IRR is above the hurdle rate, the greater the NVP, and on the contrary, the more the IRR is below the hurdle rate , the lower the NVP. When using the IRR, the decision rules are as follows If IRR hurdle rate, accept the projectIf IRR hurdle rate, reject the project.In order for a project to be accepted, the IRR must be greater than or equal to the hurdle rate. If the company is deciding between projects, then the project with the highest IRR is the project to be accepted. As we look at the IRR for both corporations we see that Corporation B is higher than Corporation A and this is why we as a team choose Corporation B.Corporation A 13.05%Corporation B 16.94%Profitability Index, Payback Period and throw out Payback Period The Profitability Index (PI) is just a number and anything 1.0 or higher is confirmation for the project that is bein g evaluated. The PI is a grammatical case of ratio that gives the higher NVP per dollar on an investment. It is better used when you have more than one project comparing. When making decision making measures for the PI methods the outperform project should be the one that pays off the initial cost outlay.The PB is the less method used in doing a capital budgeting because it does not carry on the time value of the money earned in the project. Looking at Corporation B is shows that it will take 3.31 years to payback the cash inflow to the original cash outflow or the cost of the project. So when making a decision on which corporation to use in PB it is beaver to take the project that pays off the initial cost outlay in less time. If we look at the PI and PB for Corporation A and Corporation B we will see that Corporation B is much better project than Corporation A. Profitability IndexPayback PeriodCorporation A 1.08Corporation B 1.16Corporation A 3.64 yrs.Corporation B 3.31 yrs.T he Discount Payback Period (DPP) does consider the time value of money. It is computed somewhat like the PB method and the only difference is that DPP method uses the discounted cash flow. As we look at the DPP for Corporation A and Corporation B we see that again Corporation B is less time to pay back the cash flow Corporation A 4.6 yrs.ReferencesKeown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Petty, J. W. (2013). Foundations of Finance, 8th Edition. VitalSource Bookshelf version. Retrieved from http//online.vitalsource.com/books/9781269882194/id/ch10lev2sec2Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Petty, J. W. (2013). Foundations of Finance, 8th Edition. VitalSource Bookshelf version. Retrieved from http//online.vitalsource.com/books/9781269882194/id/ch10lev2sec5

The Allusions in the Waste Land

The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The dash off Land The shove off Land is an of the essence(predicate) song. It has something important to say and it should hurt an important effect on the ratifier. But it is not easy. In Eliots own words We rear say that it app atrial auricles comparablely that poets in our civilization as it exists at present, must(prenominal) be difficult. Our civilization compreh finales great variety and complexity, and this variety and complexity, playing upon a refined sensibility, must produce several(a) and complex results.The poet must be devolve more and more comprehensive, more allusive, more indirect, in order to force, to dislocate if necessary, langu epoch into its meaning. Tradition suffernot be inherited, and if you urgency it you must obtain it by great labour. Eliot is dealing with the loss of meaning and signifi after partce of compositiony things, and so he continually contrasts the present with the past, often using literary allusions to help to arouse in the reader the response he wants. For this reason he gives some of these allusions in a set of notes. However, he merely says where they come from or gives them in the original Italian or French or German.These notes give the actual allusions, translated into English where necessary, and printed in much(prenominal) a way that the reader can see the allusion and the relevant passage in the metrical composition at the same period. For instance, a passage from the poesy is on page 3 and the allusions to it atomic number 18 on page 2. The notes get hold of also amplified Eliots notes in some cases, with valuable help from trio excellent books Stephen Coote The glom Land in Penguin Master Studies 1985 B C S protrudeham A Students Guide to the Selected Poems of T S Eliot Faber and Faber, 1968 George get outiamson A readers Guide to T S Eliot Thames and Hudson, Second Edition, 1967It is a pleasure to thank Sheila Davies for her translation of Baudelaires Au L ecteur Allusion ar numbered and you volition seldom have to scroll blue more than a page to find the comment on the allusion The comments on the allusions be in frames. knave 1 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. physician The Waste Land Nam sibyllam quiden Cumis ego ipse oculis meis vidi in ampulla pendere, et cum illi pueri dicerent respondebat illa A . For Ezra Pound il miglior fabro B A For I once saw with my own centers the Sybil at Cumae hanging in a cage, and when the boys say to her What do you want? she answered, I want to die. B il miglior fabro means the better journeyman, a well-deserved tri howevere to Ezra Pound. Eliot sent the original manuscript of The Waste Land to Pound, and as Eliot said the sprawling, chaotic poem left Pounds great deals reduced to nearly fractional(prenominal) its size and in the process it was changed from a jumble of good and bad passages into a poem, Photo-copies of the manuscript, with the changes sicke b y Pound, atomic number 18 getable in book form, and fully support Eliots ac get alongledgment of his debt to Pound. I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD April is the cruelest month, breeding 1 Lilac out of the dead province, mixingMemory and desire, displace Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warfargonm, covering Earth with forgetful snow, feeding Life with dried tubers. 7 Summer affect us, coming over the Starnbergersee 8 With a shower of rain we stopped in the colonnade, And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten, And drank coffee, and talked for an hour. Bin gar keine Russin, stamm aus Litauen, echt deutsch. 12 And when we were children, staying at the archdukes , My cousins , he took me out on a sled, And I was f in good orderened. He said, Marie, Marie, h grey-headed on tight. Ands tweak we went. In the plentifulnesss, in that respect you feel free.I read much of the iniquity, and go south in the winter. 18 What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man 21 You cannot say, or guess , for you hold out all A heap of humbled count ons, where the sun suppresss, 23 And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, 24 And the dry stone no sound of irrigate. Only scalawag 2 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc there is shadow beneath this red rock, 26 (Come in under the shadow of this red rock), And I depart show you something different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind youOr your shadow at evening rebellion to meet you I leave behind show you fear in a handful of dust. 1 to 7 Critics usually contrast the description of spring with the arising of the general Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. To regard April, the harbinger of spring, as the cruelest month is natural for the dwellers in the waste land, who are afraid of life, who are animate and partly living. What the general Prologue says more clearly simply with less charm than Chaucer in modern English is When that April with its sweet showers Has pierced the drought of March down to the root And filled each found with so much moistureAs made it burgeon forth in f pitiableers 8 to 18 are a reverie. 12 I am not a Russian at all I come from Lithuania, a true German. This is the strained, neurotic reaction of a dispossessed person at a time when solo German nationality or protection could ward off the threat of danger. This telephone wire anticipates the vision of anarchy, of fleeing refugees, in transmission lines 367 to 377. 21 Son of man Ezekiel 23 And he said unto me, Son of man, I send thee to the children of Israel, to a rebellious nation that hath rebelled against me they and their fathers have transgressed against me even unto this very day. 3 broken images Ezekiel 63 Behold I, even I, will bring a sword upon you, and I will destroy your senior high school places. And your altars shall be desolate, and your images shall be broken and I will cast your slain men before yo ur idols. 24 the cricket no relief the cricket no relief is an echo from Ecclesiastes 125, where the preacher describes the loneliness of old age Also they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shall be in the way, and the almond tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail because man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets. 26 There is shadow under this red rock Isaiah 321, 2 describes the blessing of Christs kingdom Behold a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in judgment. And a man shall be as a hiding place from the betray, and as a cloak-and-dagger from the tempest As rivers of water system in a dry place, as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land. Frisch weht der curve 31 Der Heimat zu Mein Irisch Kind, Wo weilest du Fresh blows the wind Towards my homeland My Irish child Where do you linger? You gave me hyacinths starting line a year ago rascal 3 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc They called me the hyacinth girl. Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden, Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not Speak, and my eyes failed, and I was neither Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, Looking into the heart of light, the tranquilize. Oed und leer das Meer Desolate and empty the sea 42 31 Frisch weht der Wind This is a song of innocent and naive mania from Tristan and Isolde, which is a work of passionate screw. A young sailor, feeling the wind blowing toward his homeland, sings of the girl he loves. 42 Oed und leer das Meer The destruction Tristan is waiting for Isoldes ship, unless the lookout reports that the sea is desolate and empty.Between these ii scene in that respect is, by way of contrast, a modern love affair, beautiful but ultimately meaningless. unconstipated in love she is neither living nor dead. Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante, 43 Had a bad cold, nevertheless Is known to be the wisest cha r in Europe, With a over-the-top pack of cards. Here, said she, Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor, (Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look ) 48 Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks, The lady of situations. Here is the man with three staves, and here the Wheel, And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,Which is blank, is something he carries on his back, Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find The Hanged Man. Fear terminal by water. I see crowds of population, walk of life round in a ring. Thank you. If you see dear Mrs Equitone, control her I bring the horoscope myself One must be so careful these days. 43 Madame Sosostris Madame Sosostris and the Taro cards represent past magic and ritual, here reduced to the insignificance of vulgar fortune telltale(a). Eliot says of this passage I am not familiar with the particular constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience.The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways Because he is associated in my mind with the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples to Emmaus in Part v. The Phoenician Sailor and the merchandiser appear later also the crowds of nation and Death by Water is executed in part IV. The Man with Three Staves (an authentic member of the Tarot pack) I associate , quite arbitrarily, with the Fisher King himself. Page 4 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc 48 Those are pearls that were his eyesThe Tempest, Act 1 ii , 394 Full fathom five thy father lies Of his bones are coral made Those are pearls that were his eyes Nothing of him that doth fade, But doth suffer a sea-change Into something copious and strange. Unreal city, 60 Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so galore(postnominal), I had not purview death had undone so mevery. 63 Sighs, short and infrequent w ere exhaled, 64 And each man fixed his eyes before his feet. Flowed up the hill and down King William Street, To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours With a dead sound on the concluding stroke of nine. 8 60 Unreal city Baudelaire O teeming city, city full of illusions, Where ghosts accost the passerby in broad daylight. 63 I had not curtilageght death had undone so many an early(a)(prenominal) Inferno, Canto 3 And behind it came so long a train of people, that I should never have believed death had undone do many. (In this canto Dante describes the dreary souls who lived without blame and without plaudit . . . who were not rebellious, nor were faithful to God, but were for themselves. Dante also call them these wretches that never were alive. 64 Sighs, short and infrequent were exhaledInferno, Canto 4 Here as mine ear could note, no plaint was heard, except of sighs, that made the eternal air to tremble, not caused by torture but from grief felt by those multitudes, many and vast. This canto deals with people equal Socrates who lived virtuously but never knew the Gospel. So two kinds of people live in the modern Waste Land those who are secularised and those who have no association of the faith. 68 With a dead sound at the final stroke of nine. Eliot says that he often noticed this when the clock of St Mary Woolnoth struck nine. In lines 60 to 68 Eliot is dealing with mans spiritual commitruptcy.He does this by recreating life about him by using the language and ideas of the past. In the modern Waste Land where people are living and partly living, they have no standards of right and wrong, of virtue and sin, that individuals or society accept or live by. Eliot uses the reminders to Dante to contrast this with another, more aware time. The people in Dantes Hell Page 5 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc were people who had sinned to versatile degrees and were punished in different disseminates of hell. Like the people Jam es Thomson spoke of, who were gratified to gain hat positive eternity of pain Instead of this insufferable inane. There I saw one I knew and stopped him, crying Stetson 69 You who were with me in the ships at Mylae 70 That corpse you planted last year in your garden 71, Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year? Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed? Oh keep the Dog far hence, thats foe to men 74 Or with his nails hell did it up again You Hypocrite lecteur Mon semblable, mon frere 76 69 Stetson is the representative commuter 70 Mylae was one of the battles in the Punic war, a sordid trade war.By choosing this war rather than the similar and more topical 1914 1918 war, Eliot is making the point that all wars are similar. 71 The corpse you planted in your garden In ancient fertility rites, images of the gods were buried in the fields. 74 Oh keep the Dog far hence Dirge sung by Cornelia in THE WHITE DEVIL by whoremonger Webster Act 5, Scene 4 identify for the robin redbre ast and the wren, Since oer the shady groves they hover And with leaves and flowers do cover The friendless bodies of unburied men. Call unto his funeral dole The ant, the fieldmouse and the mole To rear him hillocks that shall keep him warm.But keep the wolf far hence, thats foe to man Or with his nails hell dig it up again. It is not such an odd step from wolf to dog. In the old testament the dog is not a friend to man, but even sometimes feeds on corpses. And psalm 22 verse 20 has Deliver my soul from the sword, my darling from the queen of the dog. 76 You Hypocrite lecteur This is the last line of Au Lecteur (To the reader), the poem that is the preface to Fleurs du Mal (Flowers of Evil) which is Charles Baudelaires manifesto. It is intercommunicate to the reader and means You, hypocrite reader, my image, my brother. Translation of Au Lecteur by Sheila Davies Page 6 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc Stupidity, indiscretion, sin and meanness walk out ove r our minds and wear away our bodies, And, full of remorse, we affectionately nurture our wrongdoings In the same way that beggars feed titbits to vermin. Our sins are strong-willed, our repentance cowardly Making burbly confession becomes a habit. We walk with gay abandon along fouled-up pathways, Believing that our cheap tears will wash away the stains of filth. It is Satan of the three-pronged fork who, On the pillow of evil, gently rocks our entranced spirit,And the precious metal of our free will Is all vaporised by this cunning alchemist. It is the devil who grasps the cords that entangle us. In whatsoever is repugnant we find charm. Each day we take one step nearer down to Hell, Blind to its horrors as we cross the stinking gloom. exactly desire a penniless lecher who kisses and nibbles The shriveled up breast of an old tart, We filch from lifes journey our furtive pleasures Which we squeeze as we would an old orange. Holding on fast, writhing around like a million worms, A race of Demons holds an orgy in our brains, And, when we breathe, Death floods our lungs,An invisible river of stifled groans. If rape, poison, murder or fervidness Have not notwithstanding embroidered their pretty designs On the insignificant canvas of our pitiful destinies, It is because our souls, alas, are not taut enough. But of all the jackals, panthers, lice, Apes, scorpions, vultures and serpents, The yelping, howling, snarling, creeping monsters Of the violative menagerie of our depravity, There is one that is even uglier, more wretched, more vile than all the rest Though he utters no savage cries nor thrashes about in a frenzy, He would gladly reduce the world to a heap of debris,And with one great yawn light up the earth. He is Ennui his eye brimming over with an ineffectual tear, Page 7 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc He dreams up scaffolds while he smokes his opium. You know him, reader, this elusive monster, Hypocrite reader, my kinsman my brother I I A GAME OF CHESS The chair she sat in, like a hopeful throne, 78 Glowed on the marble, where the drinking glass Held up the standards wrought with fruited vines From which a golden Cupidon peeped out (Another hid his eyes behind his wings) Doubled the flames of seven branched candelabraReflecting light upon the table as The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it, From satin cases poured in rich profusion In vials of ivory and colored glass Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes, Unguent, powdered, or liquid troubled, confused And drowned the sense in odors stirred by the air That freshened from the window, these ascended In fattening the prolonged candle flames, Flung their smoke into the laquearia, 93 Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling. 94 Huge sea-wood ply with copper Burned green and orange, framed by the colored stone, In which sad light a carved dolphin swam.Above the antique mantel was displayed As though a window gave upon the sylvan sc ene 99 The change in Philomel, by the barbarous king 100 .So rudely forced yet there the nightingale Filled all the desert with inviolable function And still she cried, and still the world pursues, Jug Jug to dirty ears. And other dried-up stumps of time Were told upon these walls staring forms Leaned out, leaning, hushing, hushing the room enclosed. Footsteps shuffled on the stair. Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair Spread out in fiery points Glowed into words, then would be savagely still. II A GAME OF CHESS This section of the poem deals with depend upon without love, especially inside marriage, just as Fire Sermon deals with sex outside marriage. Page 8 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc The title refers to a game of chess in Women Beware Of Women, a play by doubting Thomas Middleton 1580 1627. While the duke is seducing Bianca in the gallery in view of the audience, his confederate is distracting her mother-in-laws attention with a game of c hess. 78 The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne An empty, rich woman is sitting at her dressing table.The reference is to Antony And Cleopatra, Act I, Sc 2, line 194, in which Enobarbus describes Cleopatra at her first meeting with Anthony. The hoy she sat in, like a burnishd throne, Burnd on the waters, the poop was beaten gold, Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were love-sick with them And later in line 239 Age cannot wither her, nor impost stale Her infinite variety other women cloy The appetites they feed, but she makes hungry Where most she satisfies. The allusion to Antony and Cleopatra contrasts voluptuous femininity and romantic love, and the artificial and sterile personal relationships in the waste land. 3 laquearia A paneled lacquered ceiling In his notes Eliot refers us to The Aeneid, Book 1 line 726 The chandeliers that hung from the gold fretted ceiling Were lit, and cressets of torches subdued the night with flames Translation by Cecil Day Lewis 94 coffered Decorated with sunken panels 99 sylvan scene Eliots note refers us to Paradise Lost Book 4, line 140,describing the scene before Satan when he first arrives at the borders of Eden. and overhead up-grew Insuperable height of loftiest shade, Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, A sylvan scene, and, as the ranks ascend, Shade supra shade, a woody theatreOf stateliest view. Framed by this sylvan scene we see a reminder of Philomela. 100 The change in Philomel Tereus, king of Thrace married Procne , a girl from Athens. She missed her sister, Philomela, and sent Tereus to fetch her. Tereus fell in love with Philomela and raped her. He then cut out her tongue to prevent her from telling Procne, but she still found out. The sisters revenged themselves on Tereus by killing his son, Itylus, and setting his flesh before Tereus at a banquet. The gods took pity on these people and changed them into various birds Tereus into a hoopoe, Procne into a swallow and Philomela into a nightingale.Swinburne also uses this myth in The huntsmans chorus in Atalanta In Calydon And the brown bright nightingale amorous Is half assuaged for Itylus And the Thracian ships and the foreign faces, The tongueless vigil, and all the pain. Eliot uses the nightingale as a symbol of apricot born out of suffering, but in the waste land it only sings Jug, jug to dirty ears. In Elizabethan poem, jug, jug was a conventional way of representing birdsong, but it was also a crude, joking way of referring to the sex act. Page 9 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc A conversation starts at line 111.The woman in quotation marks, her husband not. The woman is sharp, shrill, irritable, the man detached and melancholy. Eliot puts his words in quotation marks, probably to imply that he does not answer at all, but merely says those words to himself. My brace are bad tonight. Yes, bad. stay with me. 111 Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak. What are you pretending o f? What thinking? What? I never know what you are thinking. Think. I think we are in rats alley Where the dead men mixed-up their bones What is that noise? The wind under the door. Do you know nothing? Do you see nothing? Do you remember nothing? I remember those are pearls that were his eyes. up to here Are you alive or not? Is there nothing in your head? But O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag Its so elegant So sizable What shall I do now? What shall I do? I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow? What shall we ever do? The hot water at ten. And if it rains, a closed car at four. And we shall play a game of chess Pressing watchful eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door. When Lils husband got demobbed, I said I didnt mince my words, I said to her myself, HURRY UP gratify ITS era Now Alberts coming back, make yourself a bit smart. Hell want to know what you done with that money he gave you To get yourself some teeth. He d id, I was there. You have them all out Lil, and get a nice set He said, I swear I cant bear to look at you. And no more cant I, I said, and think of poor Albert Hes been in the army four years he wants a good time And if you dont give it him, theres others will, I said. Page 10 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc Oh is there, she said, Something othat I said Then Ill know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look. HURRY UP occupy ITS TIME If you dont like it you can get on with it, I said. Others can pick and choose if you cant. But if Albert takes off, it wont be for lack of telling. You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique. (And her only thirty-one. ) I cant help it, she said, pulling a long face, Its them pills I took, to bring it off, she said. Shes had five already, and nearly died of young George. The chemist said it would be all right but Ive never been the same. You are a proper fool, I said. closely, if Albert wont leave you alone , there it is, I said. What you get married for if you dont want children? HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon, And they asked me to dinner to get the beauty of it hot - HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME Goonight Bill, Goonight Lou, Goonight May, Goonight. Ta ta, Goonight Good night, ladies, goodnight, sweet ladies, good night, good night. 172 172 Good night, ladies Ophelias last words before she drowns herself, driven mad by Hamlets pretended love for her and then his feigned indifference. Hamlet, Act 4, scene 5, line 55 What does Eliot achieve with the allusions in A Game of Chess?The emotions aroused by the physical beauty and charm of Cleopatra, the passions in the rape and revenge of Philomela, the intensity of feeling and hurt that drove Ophelia to suicide, have no place in the lives of the rich or the poor, living and partly living in the waste land. III THE FIRE SERMON The rivers tent is broken the last fingers of leaf 173 Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind Crosses the brown land unheard. The nymphs are departed 175 Sweet Thames, fleet softly, till I end my song. 176 The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers, Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, bottom endsOr other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed. And their friends, the loitering heirs of city directors Departed, have left no addresses. By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept . . . 182 Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long But at my back, in a cold blast I hear 185 Page 11 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc The rattle of bones and the chuckle spread from ear to ear. The Fire Sermon was preached by the Buddha against the fires of lust, anger, envy and other passions that consumed men.However, the trouble with any sermon is that, as Prospero said, the strongest oaths are straw to the fire in the blood. 173 The rivers t ent is broken The rivers tent evokes the image of the shelter provided in summer by the leafy boughs of trees overhanging a river, a shelter now lost by means of the loss of leaves at the end of summer. But the rivers tent is broken suggests a deeper and more solemn meaning. Perhaps the loss of some inviolate or mystic quality. In the sure-enough(a) Testament, a tent can be a tabernacle or holy place because the wandering tribes of Israel used a tent as a portable tabernacle.In Isaiah 33 20 we have a reminder of the time when the tabernacle was a tent Look upon Zion, the city of our solemnities thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a tabernacle that shall not be taken down not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be moved, neither shall any of the cords thereof be broken. And in Isaiah 3321 the statement that a river gives power and safety But there the glorious Lord will be unto us a place of broad rivers and streams wherein shall go no galley with oars, neither sh all gallant ships pass thereby. 175 The nymphs are departedEdmund Spenser celebrates the beauty and exult of marriage in his beautiful lyric, Prothalamion, using the Thames as a perfect pastoral setting. The nymphs that Eliot refers to are probably those described in the lines There in a Meadow, by the rivers side, A flocke of Nymphs I chaunced to espy All lovely daughters of the flood thereby. 176 Sweete Themmes runne softely till I end my Song is the refrain from Prothalamion. (Prothalamion is a song or poem in celebration of a forthcoming wedding. ) 182 By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept Psalm 137 is the lamentation of the Israelites exiled to Babylon, yearning for their homeland.It starts By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. Leman means an unlawful lover, so the phrase the waters of Leman is associated with lust. Lac Leman is the French name for Lake Geneva. Eliot worked on The Waste Land at Lausanne, a townsfol k near Lake Geneva. in 1922. 185 But at my back, in a cold blast I hear An move Marvel in TO HIS COY MISTRESS Had we but world enough and time This coyness, Lady, were no crime, . . . But at my back I always hear Times winged chariot hurrying near And yonder all before us lie Deserts of vast eternity. Page 12 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliots The Waste Land. doc 192 And on the king my fathers death before him Eliots note refers to The Tempest, Act 1, scene 2, line 390. Ferdinand has just heard Ariel singing Come unto these yellow sands and says Sitting on a bank Weeping again the king my fathers wreck, This music crept by me upon the waters, Allaying both their fury and my passion With its sweet air 193 White bodies naked on the low benumb ground The drowned Phoenician sailor of hound 47 is a kind of fertility god whose image is thrown into the sea each spring to symbolize the death of summer, without which death there could be no resurrection of the new year.Southam claims that the white bodies here refer to the image of the fertility god taken out of the water to symbolize the gods resurrection. 197 The sound of horns and motors John Day in THE PARLIAMENT OF BEES When of a sudden, listening, you shall hear, The noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring Actaeon to Diana in the Spring Where all shall see her naked skin. 199 O the moon shine bright on Mrs Porter The words come from a ballad popular with the Australian troops in world warfare 1. Mrs Porter was a legendary brothel keeper in Cairo. 202 Et 0 ces voix denfants chantant dans la coupole And O those voices of children singing in the copula Paul Verlaine in Parsifal. Southam claims that Verlaine is referring to Wagners Parsifal and its music. In the Grail Legend, the childrens choir sings at the ceremonial foot washing before the knight Parsifal restores the wounded Anfortas, the Fisher King, and so lifts the curse from the waste land. Line 205 So rudely forced refers again to the rape of Philo mela by Tereus. Tereu is the Latin vocative form of Tereus. This interpretation of the nightingales song is found in ALEXANDER AND CAMPASPE BY John Lyly Oh, tis the ravished nightingale Jug, jug, jug, jug, tereu he cries. Tereu, being the vocative, implies that she is addressing Tereus. Line 211 C. i. f. London is the price, including cost, insurance, freight to London. At the violet hour, when the eyes and back 215 Page 13 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits Like a taxi throbbing waiting, I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives, 218 hoary man with wrinkled female breasts, can see At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives 220 Homeward, and brings the sailor home from sea, 221 The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast lightsHer stove, and lays out food in tins. Out of the window perilously spread Her drying combinations touched by the suns last rays, On the divan are piled (at ni ght her bed) Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays. I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled female dugs Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest He, the young man carbuncular. arrives, A small house agents clerk, with one bold stare One of low on whom assurance sits As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire. 234 The time is now propitious, as he guesses, The meal is over, she is bored and tired, Endeavors to engage her in caresses Which still are unreproved, if undesired.Flushed and decided, he assaults at once Exploring hands encounter no defense His vanity requires no response, And makes a welcome of indifference. (And I Tiresias have foresuffered all Enacted on this same divan or bed I who have sat by Thebes below the wall 245 And walked among the lowest of the dead. ) 246 Bestows one final patronizing kiss, And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit. She turns and looks a irregular in the glass, Hardly aware of her departed lover Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass Well now thats done and I am glad its over When lovely woman stoops to folly and 253Paces about her room again, alone, She smoothes her hair with automatic hand And puts a record on the gramophone. 215 At the violet hour This refers to Dantes PURGAT0RY, Canto 8. It was the hour when a sailors thoughts, the first day out, turn homeward, and his heart yearns for the loved ones he has left behind, the hour when the novice pilgrim aches Page 14 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc with love the far off tolling of a bell now seems to him to mourn the dying day. Translation by Frank genus Musa. (A pity I did not have Musas translations of Inferno and Paradiso. ) 218 I TiresiasIn lines 218 to 220, Eliot refers to the prophetic powers of Tiresias and the fact that he was bisexual, quoting Ovids METAMORPHOSES in Latin. But we can settle for a free translation Tiresias saw snakes mating in the forest. He hit them with his staff and was changed into a woman. Seven years lat er he saw the same two snakes and hit them again. As he had hoped, he was turned back into a man. Because he had experience as both a man and a woman, Jove called him in as an expert witness in a quarrel with his wife, Juno. He was arguing that in love the woman enjoys the greater pleasure she argued that the man did.Tiresias supported Jove. Juno then blinded him out of spite. To make up for this, Jove gave him long life and the power of prophesy. Eliot also points out how the point-of-view in The Waste Land changes Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a character, is yet the most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest. Just as the one-eyed merchant, seller of currants, melts into the Phoenician Sailor, and the latter is not wholly distinct from Ferdinand, Prince of Naples, so all the women are one woman, the two sexes meet in Tiresias.What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem. 220 the evening hour that strives Eliot refers us to Sapphos prayer to the Evening Star Oh, Evening Star that brings back all That shining Dawn has baffled far and wide, You bring back the sheep, the goat, And the child back to its mother. 221 and brings the sailor home from sea Eliot says he meant the long brim fisherman who returns at nightfall. 234 Silk hat upon a Bradford millionaire The manufacturing town of Bradford produced many new-rich millionaires during the first World War 245 I who have sat by Thebes below the wallTiresias is a key figure in King Oedipus by Sophocles because he knew that the pollution in Thebes came from Oedipus himself, and it is to prove him wrong that Oedipus embarks on his searching inquiries. Note that in Thebes the people, the soil and the animals were all made infertile. 246 And walked among the lowest of the dead The Odyssey Book 10, lines 488 to 495 has the first reference to Tiresias in literature. speaks Son of Laertes and seed of Zeus, resourceful Odysseus, You shall no longer stay in my house when n one of you wish to but first there is another journey you must accomplish nd reach the house of Hades and revered Persephone, there to consult with the soul of Teiresias the Theban, the blind prophet, whose senses stay unshaken within him, Page 15 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc Circe to whom alone Persephone has granted intelligence even by and by death, but the rest of them are flittering shadows. Translation by Richmond Lattimore 253 When lovely woman stoops to folly In The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith, Olivia returns to the place where she was seduced and sings When lovely woman stoops to folly The only art her wickedness to cover And finds too late that men betray,To hide her shame from every eye, What charm can soothe her melancholy, To get repentance from her lover, What art can wash her wrong-doing away? And wring his bosom, is to die. And wring his bosom, is to die This music crept by me upon the waters 257 And along the Strand, up Quee n Victoria Street, O City city, I can sometimes hear Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street The pleasant whining of mandolin And a clatter and a chatter from within Where fishmen hang around at noon where the walls 263 Of Magnus Martyr hold 264 Inexplicable splendor of Ionian white and gold. The river sweats 266 Oil and tar The barges drift 68 With the turning feed Red sails Wide to leeward, swing on the heavy spar. The barges wash Drifting logs Down Greenwich reach Past the isle of dogs. Weialala leia 277 Wallala leialala Elizabeth and Leicester 279 Beating oars The stern was formed A gilded shell Red and gold The brisk swell Rippled both shores Southwest wind Carried down stream The peal of bells Page 16 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc White towers Weialala leia Wallala leialala Trams and dusty trees Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew 293 Undid me. By Richmond I invoked my knees 294 Supine on the history of a narrow canoe. My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart Under my feet. after the event He wept. Promised a new start I made no comment. What should I resent? On Margate sands. 301 I can connect Nothing with nothing The broken fingernails of dirty hands. My people, humble people who expect Nothing. la la To Carthage then I came 308 Burning burning burning 309 O Lord Thou pluckest me out 310 O Lord Thou pluckest Burning 312 257 This music crept by me upon the waters See line 192 263 Fishmen are workers at nearby Billingsgate market. 264 Eliot says he regards the interior of Magnus Martyr as one of the finest of Christopher Wrens interiors 66 The river is the Thames. The song of the three Thames daughters starts here . From 292 to 306 they speak in turn. 268 The barges drift Some of this scene is based on the description of the river at the start of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness. 277 Weialala leia The lament of the Rhine-maidens because the beauty of the river has been lost with the theft of the rivers gold. As in the Gra il legend, the theft has brought a curse. 279 Elizabeth and Leicester were thought to be lovers. In Froudes Elizabeth (Vol I chapter 4) there is a letter about a trip they took on the Thames. 293, 294 Highbury bore me.Richmond and Kew undid me. Eliot refers us to Canto 5 in Dantes Purgatory, which deals with those who died a violent death. At its end a woman from Sienna whose husband had suspected her of adultery and had her pushed out of a window in Maremma, speaks to the Pilgrim Oh please, when you are in the world again and are quite rested from your journey here, Oh please remember me I am called Pia Sienna gave me life, Maremma death, as he knows who began it when he put his gem upon my finger, pledging faith. Mark Musa comments on how this short speech reveals her gentle and considerate Page 17 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliots The Waste Land. doc nature when you are in the world again and quite rested from your journey here 294 Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees The fi rst two Thames daughters (292 to 295, 296 to 299) simply accept what happens to them. 301 On Margate Sands. Eliot started writing The Waste Land on Margate Sands when he was recovering from a breakdown. But Eliot would deny the relevance of this. He said The more perfect the artist, the more executely separate in him will be the man who suffers and the mind which creates the more perfectly will the mind digest and transmit the passions which are its material. 308 To Carthage then I came St Augustines Confessions to Carthage then I came, where a cauldron of unholy loves sang all about mine ears. 309 Burning burning burning From The Fire Sermon, which Eliot sees as corresponding to the Sermon on the Mount. The Buddha says that forms are on fire, impressions received by the eye are on fire and whatever sensation, pleasant, unpleasant or indifferent, originates in dependence on impressions received by the eye, that also is on fire. And with what are these on fire? With the fire of pa ssion, say I, with the fire of hatred, with the fire of infatuation. The Fire Sermon can be found in Henry Clarke Warrens Buddhism in Translation, Harvard Oriental Series. 310 O Lord Thou pluckest me out St Augustines Confessions I entangle my steps with these beauties, but Thou pluckest me out, O Lord, Thou pluckest me out. Eliot says that The collocation of these two representatives of eastern and western asceticism, as the culmination of this part of the poem, is not an accident. 312 burning In Canto 25, Dante reaches the last stage of the mountain of Purgatory, where he meets those who atone for the frantically sin of lechery, by fire. As long as they must burn within the fire the cure of flames, the diet of the hymns with these the last of their wounds is healed. Translated by Mark Musa IV DEATH BY WATER Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead, Forgot the cry of gulls, the deep sea swell And profit and loss. A current under the sea 315 Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell he passed the stages of his youth Entering the whirlpool. Gentile or Jew 319 Page 18 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc O you who turn the wheel and turn to windward, Consider Phlebas, who was once as handsome and tall as you.Helen Gardner described Death by water as a passage of ineffable peace in which the stain of living is washed away. Southam points out that This section is a close variation of the last seven lines of a French poem Dans le Restaurant written by Elliot in 1916 1917. Here is a translation by Southam Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight drowned, Forgot the cry of gulls, and the swell of the Cornish sea and the profit and the loss, and the cargo of tin. An undersea current carried him far, Took him back through the ages of his past. Imagine it a terrible end for man once so handsome and tall. 15 and 316 A current under the sea This is again on the theme of sea change of Line 48 Those are pearls that were his eyes 319 Gentile or Jew That is, all mankind. (The Jews in this case mean the faithful and the gentiles those who rejected God. ) V WHAT THE THUNDER SAID After the torchlight red on sweaty faces 322 After the frosty silence in the gardens After the agony in stony places The shouting and the crying Prison and palace and riposte Of thunder of spring over distant mountains He who was living is now dead And we who were living are now dying With a little assiduity 326 327Here is no water, but only rock 331 Rock and no water and the sandy road The road winding above among the mountains Which are mountains of rock without water If there were water we should stop and drink Amongst the rock one cannot stop and think Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand If there were only water amongst the rock Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit Here one cannot neither stand nor lie nor sit There is not even silence in the mountains But dry sterile thunder without rain There is not even solitude in the m ountain But red sullen faces sneer and snarl From doors of mudcracked housesIf there were water And no rock If there were rock Page 19 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc And also water A spring A pool among the rock If there were the sound of water only No the cicala and dry grass singing But the sound of water over a rock Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees Drip expend drip drop drop drop drop But there is no water 359 Who is the third who walks always beside you? 360 When I count there is only you and I unitedly But when I look ahead up the white road There is always another one walking beside you Wrapped in a brown mantle, hoodedI do not know whether a man or a woman But who is that on the other side of you? 366 What is the sound high in the air 367 Murmur of maternal lamentation Who are those hooded hordes swarming Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth Ringed by the flat position only What is the city over the mountains Cracks and r eforms and bursts in the violet air Falling towers Jerusalem Athens Alexandria Vienna London Unreal 377 A woman drew her long black hair out tight 378 And fiddled whisper music on those strings And bats with baby faces in the violet light Whistled, and beat their wingsAnd crawled head downward down a blackened wall And upside down in air were towers Tolling reminiscent bells, that tolled the hours And voices singing out of empty cisterns and tire out wells 385 What the thunder said Eliot says in his notes In the first part of Part V three themes are employed the journey to Emmaus, the approach to the chapel Perilous, (see Miss Westons book) and the present decay of eastern Europe. (The book is Miss Jessie L Westons From Ritual to Romance on the Grail legend. He says it will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do. ) 322 to 330 refer to the events from the betrayal and arrest of Jesus until his death, as described in John 18. Page 20 of 26 The Allus ions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc 322 torchlight on sweaty faces John 18 3 Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh hither with lanterns and torches and weapons. 326 Prison and palace and backlash Jesus was taken under arrest to the palace of the high priest, where he was publicly interrogated and then taken to the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate in the hall of judgment 27 Reverberation of thunder Matthew 27 50, 51 Jesus, then when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost. And behold, the veil of the temple was rent in both from the top to the bottom and the earth did quake and the rocks rent. 331 Here is no water, but only rock The God, as represented here by Jesus has been killed, and this is followed by spiritual death, the image of which is a barren, mountainous world of rock and sand. This is a place of physical and emotional purgatory. The search in WHAT THE THUNDER SAID is for water, for th e sacred river and its wisdom.But there is no water. 353 to 355 are an echo of lines 23 to 25. 360 to 367 Even when mans savior has arisen, man cannot recognize him. Luke 24, 13 to 21 describes the journey to Emmaus. Christ has arisen, but his disciples think that he is gone from them forever. He meets two of them on the road to Emmaus, but they do not recognize him. Eliot says that lines 360 to 365 were stimulated by an account by Shackleton of an south-polar exhibition on which the exhausted explorers were haunted by the delusion that there was one more person with them than could be counted. 67 to 377 Eliot quotes Herman Hesse Blick ins Chaos Already half of Europe, already at to the lowest degree half of eastern Europe, is reeling towards the abyss in a state of drunken illusion, and as she reels sings a drunken hymn, as Dimitri Karamasoff sang. The insulted peck laugh these songs to scorn, the saint and the seer hear them with tears. Eliot was deeply concerned about the deca y of Eastern Europe. Coote With the collapse of spiritual values, with moral and financial ruin after the First World War and, further, the massive rises in population, there was at this time a widespread fear of revolution.The example had already been set by Russia, and what Eliot pictured here is a swarming, mindless anarchy reared on the endless plains of eastern Europe which, with their cracked earth and flat horizon correspond to the Waste Land itself. 378 to 385 The chapel service Perilous was filled with horrors to test a knights courage nightmare visions, including bats with baby faces, assail him on his approach. Eliot says that some of the details of this part of the poem were godly by a painting of the school of Hieronymus Bosch, some of whose works are grotesque and horrifying visions of Hell. 85 empty cisterns and exhausted wells In the Old Testament these signify drying up of faith and the worship of false gods. In this disintegrate hole among the mountains 386 In t he faint moonlight, the grass is singing Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel Page 21 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc There is the empty chapel, only the winds home. It has no windows, and the door swings, Dry bones can harm no one. Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain 395 Ganga has sunken, and the limp leaves 396 Waited for rain, while black cloudsGathered far distant over Himavant. 398 The jungle crouched, crookbacked in silence. Then spoke the thunder DA 401 Datta what have we given? My friend, blood shaking my heart The awful daring of a moments surrender Which an age of prudence can never retract By this and this only, we have existed Which is not to be found in our obituaries Or in memories draped by the large-hearted spider 409 Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor In our empty rooms. 386 to 395 For this quester the Chapel Perilous has become a decayed hole among th e mountains. The chapel is empty, the symbols have lost their meaning. Coote There is only the winds home.The seeker has pushed himself to the absolute and found nothing. The traditions are dead. It is at this moment that there comes a glance of partial salvation Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain This clarion call announces a new stage symbolized by the possibility of rain. For the moment it is far distant. But the thunder is no longer sterile. The flash of lightning, the flash of spiritual as well as actual illumination prepares us for the voice of God and his command to creatures to give, sympathize, control, to free themselves from the world of selfish desire. 396 Ganga is the Ganges, the sacred river of India. It is the home of the early vegetation myths 398 Himavant is a holy mountain in the Himalayan range. 401 DA Here is the fable of the meaning of the thunder given in the Upanishads, the sacred wri tings of Hinduism 1. The threefold descendants of Prajapati, gods, men and evil spirits, dwelt as students with their father, Prajapati. Having finished their studentship, the gods said Tell us something, Sir. He told them the syllable da. Then he said Did you understand? They said we did understand. You told us Damyatta, Be subdued. Yes he said, you have understood. 2.Then the men said unto him Tell us something, Sir. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said Did you understand? Page 22 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc They said we did understand. You told us Datta, Give. Yes he said, you have understood. 3. Then the men said unto him Tell us something, Sir. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said Did you understand? They said we did understand. You told us Dayadvam, Be merciful. Yes he said, you have understood. The divine voice of thunder repeats the same Da da da, that is Be subdued, Give, Be merciful. Therefore let this triad be taught .Subduing, Giving and Mercy. 402 to 410 Giving, here means giving yourself in love, losing yourself in love of others, beyond the neurotic love of A Game of Chess. 407 Memories draped by the beneficent spider Eliot refers us to John Websters The White Devil where Flamineo warns against the inconstancy of women. theyll remarry ere the worm pierce your winding-sheet, ere the spider Make a thin curtain for your epitaphs. DA Dayadvam I have heard the key 412 Turn in the door once and turn once only We think of the key, each in his prison house Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison Only at nightfall, ethereal rumorsRevive for a moment a broken Coriolanus. 417 DA Damyata The boat responded 419 Gaily to the hand expert with sail and oar The sea was calm, your heart would have responded Gaily, when invited, beating obedient To controlling hands. 423 412 I have heard the key Eliot refers us to Inferno, Canto 33, line 46 Ugolino I heard the key below the door of the dreadful tower being locked, and I looked at the faces of my sons without a word. I did not weep, I had so turned to stone within me. They wept . . . Dante is now in that part of Hell where traitors are punished and sees Count Ugolino and Archbishop Ruggiero.In the struggle between the Ghibelline and Guelph factions that split Italy, Ugolino, a Ghibelline, conspired with Giovanni Visconti to raise the Guelphs to power. Three years later he plotted with Ruggiero, the head of the Ghibellines to rid Pisa of the Visconti. Ruggiero had other plans, and imprisoned Ugolino, together with his sons in a tower where they were left to hunger to death. When the door was locked, the key was thrown in the river. Coote The cold-blooded traitor seeking his own advantage is the most anti-social of sinners, the destroyer of social order which at least in its ideal form was for Dante the work of God.To abuse it was a deadly offence. There is no sympathy here, no working for the common weal. One Page 23 of 26 The Allus ions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc form of spiritual death, Eliot is saying, is total and sterile selfishness. In political terms, this means the self-seeking of Ugolino and Coriolanus. 417 Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus Another example of tragic selfishness. Coriolanus was so obsessed with his own honour and dignity that he went over to the enemies of Rome. All that was available to him there was selfdestructive violence. He is broken because his selfishness led to his death. 11 to 417 On the subject of our isolation from others, our lack of sympathy and hence our need to feel sympathy for others, Eliot quotes from F H Bradleys Appearance and Reality My external sensations are no less private to myself than are my thoughts and feelings. In either case my experience falls within my own circle, a circle closed on the outside and, with all its elements alike, every sphere is opaque to the others which surround it . . . In brief, regarded as an existence which appears in a soul, the whole world for each is peculiar to that soul. 419 to 423 Damyata implies self-control, a restraint that you put upon desire. Coote Eliots interpretation is somewhat different. He takes a moment of one-ness while seafaring and compares it to the wished-for unity of lover and beloved. Contented human passion is again the value most to be prized, but here control becomes not self-constraint but the feeling of order derived from a rightly conceived unity with ones beloved and the elements the prosperous world of water and returned affection. However, the moment of revelation and of possible potency is not complete and, as we shall see, is not final either.What the thunder urges on man is love, the free surrendering of self and the consequent spiritual and psychological health of the private and universal Waste Land redeemed. But such loss of self can neither be complete nor permanent. Mankind is obliged to return to his own closed circle of perception. The best he can h ope for is a remembered glimpse of what has been or could have been experienced, and the Narrator is forced to recall this in isolation. I sat upon the shore Fishing, with the arid plain behind me Shall I at least set my lands in order? London bridge is falling down falling down falling downPoi sascose nel foco che gli afina 428 Quando fiam uti chelidon o swallow swallow 429 Le Prince dAquitaine a la tour abolie 430 These fragments I have shored against my ruins Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymos mad againe. 432 Datta. Dayadvam. Damyata Shanti shanti shanti 434 424 to 434 It is with this isolation that the poem ends. The protagonist has gone in search of the water of life and ends up fishing with the arid plains behind him. Williamson Having traveled the Grail road to no avail, he ends in the knowing but helpless state of the Fisher King.Now that the Thunder has spoken he is the Man with Three Staves with three cardinal virtues that could be supports, that would ensure the rain. Bu t awareness is not will, and so he thinks of preparing for death, with a question that recalls Isaiah 381 Set thine house in order for thou shalt die, and not live. This preparation involves some account of his fishing for life, of the fragments or broken images which he has shored against his ruins. This defines not only his predicament and state of mind, but the discoveries that are indicated in the poem.As partial quotations they are in fact fragments that have their full Page 24 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc meaning in other contexts they summarise the broken images of truths left in the Waste Land. Even nursery rhymes may contain or hide terrible truths so London Bridge presents an image of modern disintegration, of sinking into the river. 428 Poi sascose nel foco che gli afina Purgatory, Canto 26 142 to 148 Dante is here in the circle of the lustful who repented, and speaks to his old poetic mentor Guinizelli.Then he sees Arnaut Daniel, il miglior f abbro a better craftsman than Guinizelli, who says I am Arnaut, singing now through my tears regretfully recalling my past follies, and joyfully anticipating joy. I beg you in the name of that great power guiding you to the summit of the stairs remember, in the good time, my suffering here. Then in the purifying flames he hid. Translated by Frank Musa (The last line is the one quoted in The Waste Land) Eliot says of these lines The souls in Purgatory suffer because they wish to suffer, for in purgation through suffering is their hope. 29 Quando fiam uti chelidon When shall I be like the swallow? From the anonymous Latin poem Pervigilium Veneris (The Vigil of Venus) which, according to George Steiner, was written in a darkening time, amid the breakdown of classical literacy. The poet who knows that the Muses can perish by silence (perdidi musam tacendo), laments that his song is unheard and asks when spring will give it a voice, so that it can return like the swallow. 430 Le Princ e dAquitaine a la tour abolie The Prince of Aquitaine has a ruined castle From the sonnet El Desdichado ( The Disinherited) by Gerard de Nerval.Southam The poet refers to himself in this sonnet as the disinherited prince, heir to the tradition of the French troubadour poets of Aquitaine in southerly France. One of the cards in the Tarot pack is the tower struck by lighting, symbolizing a lost tradition. 432 Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymos mad againe. The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd is sub-titled Hieronymos mad againe. Southam Hieronymo is driven mad by the murder of his son. When he is asked to write a court entertainment, he replies. Why then Ile fit you meaning Why then Ill produce something fitting for you He arranges that his sons murderers are themselves killed in his little play, which was made up of poetry in sundry languages, exactly as in The Waste Land. 434 Shanti shanti shanti In his notes Eliot says that this is the formal ending to an Upanishad. Page 25 of 26 The Al lusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc The equivalent in the Anglican faith would be as in Phillipians 4, verse 7 And the peace of God which surpasses all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Page 26 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land. doc

Indian Textile Industry Essay

Indian textile manufacturing An overview textile persistence in India is one of the hopeful divisions of Indian commercialise. It supplies more than thirteen percent to trade production, 16. 63 percent to export revenues and four percent to the nations GDP. In the forth coming year, the industry is to make approximately twelve million career opportunities with a venture of US dollar six billion in the field of textile tools and structure, and clip manufacturing by the end of 2015.Union ministry of frameworks certified Apparel Export Promotion Council (AEPC) has taken the reliability to motivate the overseas financiers to invest in Indian Textile industry by revealing it huge unknown domestic market. It has also prepared and authorized the motto of reach the destination, spend, generate and trade in India. nether this perceptive, the ministry has made a decision to send some representatives to Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy and US.The purpose is to activate the overseas ven ture towards textile entity in India by offering several grants to internationalistic financier like low cost employees and intellectual right fortification. The government of India has also agreed to the proposals to support the textile industry by approving degree Celsius percent Foreign Direct Investment in the market.Owing to the uprights and instantly incorporated textiles cost sequence (price chain), the Indian textile industry signifies a hardened subsistence in the total value chain from raw products to finished products. The Synthetic and Rayon Textile Export Promotion Council (SRTEPC) has taken every required steps to get word the target of doubling the synthetic textile export in India to US $6. 2 billion by grabbing four percent of market share by fiscal year 2011- 2012.Taking into consideration the persistent funds in the textile industry, the Govt. of India may possibly widen the Technology Up gradation line Scheme (TUFS) by the end of the 11th Five Year Plan- in the financial year of 2011- 2012 in order to protract the industry. Indian textile industry is extraordinarily providing to meet the targeted production of $ 85 billion in the year of 2011, intending exports of more than $ 50 billion which was in year 2010.There is massive progress foreseen in Indian textile exports from the $ 17 billion accomplished in the year of 2005 -2006 to $ 50 billion by the year of 2009-2010. The assessment for the exports in the flow rate fiscal year is about $ 19billion. There is significant potential in Indias exports of technical textiles and home textiles, as most European businesses desire to dictated up facilities near- by the emerging markets, such as China and India. So, the future of Indian textile industry is very bright, as it has open up the market for international business people.

Ekg Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise

EKG Measurement and Interpretation at Rest and During Exercise Jonathan Murdock surround 5, 2013 March 19, 2013 (KIN 375) Purpose In the United States, hatful suffer from heart problems every day. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), every year about 935,000 people in the United States suffer from a heart attack and about 600,000 die from heart problems. Electrocardiograms (EKG or ECG) provide important information concerning the electrical action mechanism of the heart as well as the quantity and quality of heart contractions.An EKG, along with blood work to measuring troponin levels, can definitively determine whether or non a person has suffered from a myocardial infarction. In order to obtain an EKG, electrodes argon st calculategically placed on the limbs and torso of a subject to measure the electrical current that is generated in the heart and transferred to the skin. The electrical auspicate is front generated in the sinoatrial node (SA no de). It then travels to both the left and right atria to cause them to contract.Then, the signal goes to the atrioventricular node (AV node) where it is briefly delayed to allow all of the blood from the atria to move into the ventricles. It then moves through the Bundle of His toward the apex of the heart and then through the Purkinje fibers. This causes contraction of the ventricles to pump blood throughout the body and lungs. The purpose of this laboratory was to compare EKG at rest with and physical exercise EKG. In doing so, the subjects heart health could be determined based on the results of being put under the stress of exercise versus when resting.Methods Subject The subject participating in this lab was a college aged (18-25 years) male enrolled in KIN 375. The participant was healthy, exercised regularly, and did not report any history of heart problems. Equipment The equipment used in this lab included alcohol prep wipes, 10 electrodes and wires, a computer to read th e EKG with paper to print EKG strips, a chair, a treadmill, and a timer. Procedures The first step was to remove the subjects shirt.Next, all of the areas where electrodes were going to be placed were cleaned with an alcohol prep wipe. Once these areas were dry, electrodes were placed in their proper places champion electrode per limb and six on the torso. The electrodes for the left (LA) and right (RA) upper limbs were placed just under the clavicles near the shoulders. The electrodes for the left (LL) and right (RL) lower limbs were placed at the waist line just above each limb. For the torso, electrode 1(V1) was placed in the fourth intercostal blank to the right of the subjects sternum.Electrode 2 (V2) was too placed in the fourth intercostal space but to the left of the subjects sternum. Next, electrode 4 (V4) was placed in the fifth intercostal space on the midclavicular line. Then, electrode 3 (V3) was placed center(prenominal) between V2 and V4. Next, the sixth electrode (V6) was placed in the fifth intercostal space on the midaxillary line. Lastly, the fifth electrode (V5) was placed halfway between V4 and V6 in the fifth intercostal space. The subject sat on the chair without moving for three legal proceeding to generate a resting EKG.Then, the subject walked 2 mph on the treadmill with a 7. 0% incline for five minutes. This generated an exercising EKG. Lastly, the subject sat on the chair without moving for three minutes to generate a recovery EKG. Results The subject successfully completed all three EKG recordings. The resting and recovery EKG readings were very easy to read whereas, the exercising EKG had a lot of artefact that made it difficult to read. Artifact is something that is not heart made and usually comes from movement.The exercising EKG also had the approximately QRS complexes due to the fact that the subjects heart rate was the highest while exercising. Discussion As previously stated, an EKG measures the electrical currents of the heart. There are incompatible kinks shown on an EKG. Each ripple is represented by a letter. The first small wave is cognise as the P wave. The P wave represents atrial depolarization and contraction. The next wave is slightly negative and it is known as the Q wave. The Q wave initiates depolarization of the ventricles.The next wave, which is the large positive spike in the wave, is known as the R wave. The R wave represents ventricular depolarization and contraction. The next wave is slightly negative and it is known as the S wave. The S wave represents the negative wave of ventricular depolarization. The last wave is slightly larger than the P wave and it is known as the T wave. It represents ventricular repolarization and relaxation. Since there are three waves that represent ventricular depolarization, they are combined into what is known as the QRS complex.The section of the EKG from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex represents the ventricu lar fill time and is known as the PR interval. Ventricular systole, or contraction, is shown by the start of the Q wave to the start of the T wave and is known as the QT interval. Lastly, from the end of the S wave to the start of the T wave, ventricular repolarization is normally isoelectric (on the baseline) and is represented by the ST segment. Any slight changes from normal sinus rhythm in any of these waves could indicate a heart problem.Electrodes were used to measure the electrical current in the heart. The classs from each electrode to another created a lead. Lead I was the path between RA and LA. Lead II was the path between RA and LL. Lead III was the path between LA and LL. The ground electrode was RL. An EKG wave read positive when the current moved toward a positive electrode and it read negative when the current moved toward the negative electrode. At rest, the EKG was much antiseptic (less artifact) and the P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves were much easier to ide ntify.During exercise, however, these waveforms were much more than difficult to identify because of the large amount of artifact. Compared to at rest, the waveforms were much steeper and quicker which indicated the heart rate was speeding up, contraction and filling times decreased, and the contractions were much more forceful to pump the blood to the necessary tissue. There were a couple factors that could have hindered a completely accurate EKG reading such as, cheap electrodes, movement of wires, and the placement of electrodes.All of these factors could have affected the EKG reading to cause extra artifact or inaccurate readings of the electrical current. Conclusion Every year, hundreds of thousands of people die from heart problems. Many of these heart problems could be detected if the individuals had received an EKG. An EKG measures the electrical currents of the heart and shows when there are defects or blocks by the change in waveform. If more people were able to have an E KG when the problems arose, then maybe more lives would have been saved.

Essay on Charlie Chaplin

CHARLIE CHAPLIN ESSAY INTRODUCTION When I decided to do my research on Charlie Chaplin, I thought that it would have been quite straightforward my plan was to introduce his disembodied spirit and his career, finishing off with his accomplishments. However, as my research progressed, I came to realise that Charlie Chaplin is a manhood who cannot be put into a few words. My research opens up (brought me into) a whole untested dimension of his intriguing life thus design me into his world. Hence, I became more and more interested in discovering the man behind the name.Therefore, I shall try my best to glorify this human being and talented impostor who was adored throughout the ages. My presentation starts with a short / brief biography of Charlie Chaplin. Then, I will continue by describing his acting career which will later on build up to the main personalitys that he interpreted. Finally, I will present to you the wonders of his enormous fritter a track The slap-up dictator. WHO WAS HE? Charles Spencer Chaplin was innate(p) on the sixteenth of April 1889 in East Street, Walworth, England. His parents, both known music hall entertainers in England, divorced when he was young (around 1891).He stayed little in contact with his buzz off. His father did not give much child support payments to his family. It was therefore up to his mother to financially support his older half-brother Sydney, Charlie Chapin and herself. Thus, he stayed quite abandoned to his mother. Without a father figure, he aphorism in his mother her determination and strength to carry on and not giving up on them by bringing them. On the other hand, his older half-brother Sydney proved to be a brother of a kind. He would be to thank later in life because he partly contributed to the early successes of Charlie Chaplin.There was a point when his mothers willpower crumbled, she was sent into an asylum. Sydney and Charlie were both sent to Lambeth Union Workhouse (a step up where abandone d children and orphans were sent) in 1896. Charlie Chaplin was then just aged seven. His mother came out of the asylum only to be admitted again a few years later. During this time, he went to live with his father and his step-mother but he preferred to live by himself, hiding during the day to avoid going to school and performing in musicals at night.At the age of ten, barely knowing how to read or write, he unifyed a group of clog dancers this is one of the premier signs showing that he was destined to continue in the artistic field. Indeed, within a few years Charlie would become one of the most popular child actors in England. As a performer on stage, at each time it would take a few months for Chaplin to conquer hundreds of spectators. However, it was when he went back to Vaudeville acting (energetic multi-act theatre) that he discovered his talent for comic pantomime. For a few years, he would continue performing in Vaudeville.Then at the age of twenty, Charlie Chaplin went to the United States and performed with Frederich Karno, whom Sydney was working with and introduced Chaplin to Karno. He would soon be warmly welcomed by the American audience. There he started his career as the most historied comedian that ever lived. CHARLIE CHAPLINS playing CAREER At the age of ten he started performing in musicals. At the age of 24, he became worldwide famous. In 1917, he began to become, thanks to his new found way of expression, the most famous comedian that the world has ever known.His films became more and more witty, vifs et apparemment desinvolte et de plus en plus travailles. Charlie Chaplin wanted to explore and retain his talent of comic. He always wanted to do more, not only to please the public but alike to convey the good heartedness of mankind which was manifested in films like City of Lights, where slam is the main subject of the film. He felt the need to talk virtually the dehumanisation of work in the film new Times and even more of the h uge menace of fascism incarnated by the monster which has many curious resemblances to Chaplin.But he had this irresistible need to be unusual and to please the public and to be loved by the public by using the simplest of emotions whichwas by talking from the heart. Charlie Chaplin is probably the most accomplished show telephone line man during his time. He was multi-talented he was a good actor and also a successful director, script-writer and producer. Active and observant as he was, he visualized his perception on things in his films. He remained true to his views on real life situations but never forgetting to add humour as he knew that life is never all black or all white.Throughout his career, though he interpreted several characters, Charlie Chaplin never abandoned the famous character that brought him to fame the character of Tramp. The Tramp character made him rich and it was inspired by his poverty-stricken childhood- a man-child always hoping for the better. Ironica lly, he became a rich man by imitating the poorest of men. Rich as he was, he could have rejected his childhood, however, he remembered where grew up as a child East Street, Walworth, England.Even his famous bow-legged dance-walk, he claims was inspired when he was in the pub The Queens Head owned by his uncle and Charlie Chaplin saw Rummy Binks, an old waiter, do a defer walk. He would constantly film situations as he would observe in real life people can relate with, for example in The Modern Times he filmed in a factory and displayed his view of the Marxist concept of the dehumanisation effect of work.. Sound did not dwell at the time of Chaplin but the actions say it all- because all is in the subtlety, all is mild, ingeniously suggested and not exaggerated. *In 1898, at the age of 9 years old, Charlie Chaplin had his number one taste of show business appearing in a clog dancing musical produced by a stage company called Eight Lancashire Lads. In 1910, Chaplin arrived in the United States and was chosen by mac Sennett to be in a Keystone Films mute comedy series. During this time, Chaplin created the role of the Tramp. It was when he left Mack Sennett to work at Essanay Studios in 1914 that he really developed the character of The Tramp. By the time he signed a contract with field of study Films in 1918, he was an experienced and well-appreciated actor who knew his value as an actor.Therefore he was not shy to ask $1,000,000 for a film. Although, he had many projects in his mind however, he needed money to invest in his ideas and bring them to the screen. Hence, at 28 years old, Charles Spencer Chaplin becomes a millionaire and his contract with the First National gave him the accountant and rights to his films. The United Artists was formed in 1918 with actors Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and director D. W Griffith. Their films would become their properties. Controversy would occur when the First World War starts and he does not join to fight for his country.Instead he makes a film The Bond in 1918 to show his support for the soldiers at war. In Shoulder Arms (1918), it is a film about the First World War and it is one of the most popular films of the First World War. He manages to demonstrate the horror and the ridiculousness of the war. In 1921, he notices Jack Coogan in a vaudeville act. He stars with Jackie in The Kid, Chaplin and Jackie Coogan in The Kid (1921) The Modern Times (1936) introduces a concept Marxist- man is cut down to something underneath him, he is just an animal fed by the machine.There is no doubt that Charlie Chaplin is a left-wing man. Modern Times (1936) and the Eating appliance Scene depicts the dehumanising effect of mechanization. The massive Dictator released in 1940 marked a new turn in terms of Chaplins working methods- it was to be his first talking film, and for the first time he was to begin a picture with a complete script. This satiric film on fascism came out whilst the world was devastated by two major wars the First World War and the beginning second world war.For this reason, Chaplins political perspective on right-wing dictatorship was not only if accepted by the public and it led the United States government to believe that he was a communist and when asked if he was a Jew he answered admirably that I do not have the chance to be one. He does not deny that he is not Jewish, he thought that it would be an inexplicit suggestion that he was a supporter of anti-Semitism. MAIN CHARACTERS Throughout his acting career, Charlie Chaplin has interpreted quite a few characters, of which I will talk about two of them in particular.The first character is Charlie Chaplins principal personage which he calls The Tramp clown a beggar. He displays this image in the way that he is attired his black hair, a tight coat, oversized pants, pointed shoes, a bowler hat, bamboo cane, dark eyebrows and his signature square moustache. As I said before, Charlie Chaplin relates real well with real life situations. The gradual building up of this character can be linked to different historical situations one of them could be the Great Depression.Historically, the Great Depression in the 1920s left the rich and fortunate in a terrible state, they were left with little dignity, like a tramp, a vagrant with refined manners of a gentleman. Charlie Chaplins original way of expressing and attempt to find the funny side in situations that are not usually made fun of make him a true comedic icon. He does not need words to express himself as the audience can aim the words in by themselves. A quote by Charlie Chaplin personifies his character I remain just one thing, and one thing only and that is a clown.It places me on a far higher plane than any politician. The second popular character is Adenoid Hynkel. He is the dictator of Tomania in the film The Great Dictator. He is one of the few to have openly criticised Adolf Hitler through the interpretation of Adenoid Hynkel. During that period of the two world wars millions of people followed Adolf Hitler and there were also people who were scared of Adolf Hitler, it made those who were scared how stupid it was to be scared of this monster ridiculous, venomous, pathetic who wants total control of the world.When the film came out, people immediately saw the resemblance between Adenoid Hynkel (Charlie Chaplin) and Adolf Hitler. Chaplin single-handedly reduced the monster into a ridiculous, venomous, pathetic clown. Here, Charlie Chaplin was adventurous and tried to find humour in a keen situation the two World Wars. For his accent he related to his past in vaudeville acting. The Great Dictator freed people spiritually. Charlie sent a television set of The Great Dictator to the dictator himself. This shows us that he is always up for new challenges in the films that he creates.UNDOUBTEDLY, ONE OF CHARLIE CHAPLINS MOST FAMOUS FILMS THE bang-up DICTATOR I have chosen to talk about one of Charlie Chaplins famous films The Great Dictator because of the story that lies behind it. The Great Dictator was a controversial film directed by and starred Charlie Chaplin. It was the first true talking picture, released on the 15th of October 1940. It is unique for its fearless criticism of Hitler and national socialism and for its portrayal of the plight of Jews in Europe. The peoples appreciation and the medias appreciation for the film shows in its nomination for the Academy Award for Best depict and Best Actor.When interviewed about this film, Charlie Chaplin said Half-way through making The Great Dictator I began receiving alarming messages from the United Artists ( ) but I was determined to go out front for Hitler must be laughed at. In The Great Dictator the physical resemblance between Charlie Chaplin and Hitler, especially with their square moustaches is astounding. Another interesting fact was that both were born just 4 days apart and grew up in relative poverty. Charlie Ch aplin in The Great Dictator Adolf Hitler in a Nazi Parade resultTHE IMPACT HE MADE TO THE WORLD AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIETY AND THE ART Charlie Chaplin was a man who dimpled millions of cheeks in the early 1900s. Despite the fact that they were silent films in black and white, he put a lot of color into everyones life. He managed to work his magic and free minds as well as speak the minds of mean(a) people, whether it is about the horrors of life as a soldier in the two world wars or the dehumanization of work or about the wonderful sensations of love in City of Lights. He was not afraid to clearly show what he believed in.His excellent sense of narration and subordinating the story makes him a great master of pictures. Charlie Chaplin marks me as a man who despite of great disadvantages faced when he was young, managed to transform the nightmarish situations that he experienced in silent comedy. He was a comedic icon of a kind. I feel that Charlie Chaplin is one of the m ost interesting people I have researched about. Coming from rags, he lastly became a person whom everyone knows and loves. Such an impact he has made across the world that the Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom knighted him as Sir Charlie Chaplin in 1975.He died at the age of eighty-eight years old on the 25th of December 1977. BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites ?http//www. clown-ministry. com/History/Charlie-Chaplin. html ?http//www. csse. monash. edu. au/pringle/silent/chaplin/aaronhale. html ?http//www. east-buc. k12. ia. us/00_01/ carbon/ms/ms. htm Photos ?http//www. images. google. co. uk ?http//www. csse. monash. edu. au/pringle/silent/chaplin/aaronhale. html ?http//www. east-buc. k12. ia. us/00_01/100/ms/ms. htm ?http//www. vauxhallsociety. org. uk/Chaplin. html ?http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin