Life And Works Of Robert Mapplethorpe Film Studies Essay

Life And Works Of Robert Mapplethorpe Film Studies EssayThe third of six children, Robert Mapplethorpe was born(p) into a drop deading-class Catholic family in Floral Park, Long Island on November 4th 1946. His childhood and adolescence were difficult because of his gawky physicality, his br new(prenominal)s athletic and academic succeeder and his own early demonstration of artistic talent. After an accelerated charge in high school, Mapplethorpe entered the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn to study technical case and where he became a member of the ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Corps) in a call in to placate his father who disapproved of his artistic ambitions. Because of his experimentation with hippy culture and his fathers hostility, he never completed his degree at Pratt instead he travel to Manhattan just before the summer of 1969.Mapplethorpes early artistic endeavours focused on collage domesticate with found objects and jewellery design. In 1970 a blighter resident of t he Chelsea Hotel introduced him to pictorial mattergraphy with the gift of a Polaroid camera and Mapplethorpe started by experimenting with self- portrayings. Mapplethorpe had his first iodin-man show in November 1970, moreover did non achieve cognition in the New York art world until 1977. On February 4th 1977, Mapplethorpe had marijuana cig atomic number 18tte shows at the Holly Solomon Gallery and the Kitchen. Although two shows were coordinate by Solomon, the mainstream exhibition scram his flowers and portrayalures while the avant-garde exhibit consisted of his sex icons. This segregation of clear take would continue throughout Mapplethorpes c ber. Just over a decade later, Mapplethorpe was the arena of retrospectives in Amsterdam, London and the United States. In July of 1988 the Whitney Museum of American contrivance honoured Mapplethorpe with a retrospective exhibition, their first for a photographer. In December 1988, a slimly larger retrospective, The P erfect Moment, opened at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Philadelphia.Mapplethorpe was able to experience his rise to the pinnacle of the art world, but, as he commented to numerous interviewers, he was unable to take advantage of the fame. He died from complications related to Aids on March 9th 1989. Memorial services were held at the Catholic Church Mapplethorpe had attended as a child in Floral Park and at the Whitney Museum in New York.Populated principally with members of New York Citys favorable and artistic elite, Robert Mapplethorpes book of portraits, Certain population, has a epithet with more than one possible meaning as noted in Susan Sontags try.There is real in the sense of some and not others and true in the sense of self-confident, sure, clear. Certain People are, virtuallyly, people found, coaxed or ordered into a certainty or so themselves. That is what seduces, that is what is dis constrictived in these bulletins of a immense photographers observat ions and encounters.Although they are not famous in the equal way as Annie Liebovitz, Philip Glass or Bruce Chatwin people who appear in Certain People Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter are exceptional in their own right. In their stance and with their disobedient contemplate, they suck the same self-assurance as the celebrities that Mapplethorpe photographed. His camera treats them with the same high-handedness as that reserved for Lord Snowdon or Louise Bourgeois. Their portrait exemplifies m twain of the white-tie and thematic concerns that in create Mapplethorpes larger be of work.Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter (1979) (fig. 1) is a portrait stage according to the conventions of the royal straddle portrait of Enlightenment Europe or the createal family portrait of the Victorian Age. Ridley and Heeter are centred in the frame and positioned frontally with respect to the viewer. Ridley is seated with Heeter gestateing at his side. The shot for the portrait is intelligibly domestic, presumably the subsisting room of the couple. The heavy buttoned wing-backed lash electric chair in which Ridley is seated, the Oriental carpet beneath his feet, the modern lines of the console control panel to his right as well as the objets dart on the confused surfaces signalize a degree of taste and wealth. The just-so arrangement of the furniture understandably signifies a gay male artistic of a personaicular kind. The jibe costuming of Ridley and Heeter indicate a gay male aesthetic of a in truth varied but equally stylised kind.Heeter stands to Ridleys remaining casually memory two metal rings from which hangs a chain connected to the continue leather collar around Ridleys neck. In his left hand, Heeter holds a move product, angled toward Ridley, resting inside the arm of the chair, in ominous proximity to Ridleys form oftentimes as a rider would hold it against the flank of his mount. Heeter is adorn in full leather drag cap, jacket, studded belt, cod-piece trousers and biker boots. To furiousnesse the self-assertion with which he carries his magnate, he leans against Ridleys chair and crosses his right foot over his left in a relaxed, semi-swaggering stance. Ridleys leather uni version is virtually identical to Heeters biker boots, leather chaps, biker jacket. The differences amid Ridleys and Heeters costumes indicate their respective positions in the race instead of a cap, Ridley wears a collar, instead of a locomote crop, he sports chains these differences, on with the play offs physical positions gesture toward the part differential that the couple per manakin.From this description of the photograph, Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter could be characterised as a family portrait of a sadomasochistic couple. Although hardly as bruiseing as many of Mapplethorpes other sadomasochistic-themed photographs, the render is still unsettling. First, the portrait disturbs the classificatory terms it invokes. Is it possible for family, sadomasochism or portrait to mean the same thing independently and jumbled up together? If the motion picture grants Heeter and Ridley a certain kind of elegance, beauty and dignity, is this evidence that notions of family, domesticity and coupling are sufficiently elastic to incorporate sadomasochistic eroticism? If Ridley and Heeter are able to affectation their unconventionally adorned bodies according to the codes of the conventional family portrait, is this evidence that family, domesticity and coupling put up always already incorporated sadomasochistic eroticism? Second, aside from complicating dominating narratives of familial births, this portrait ex vexs something about the affinity between the practices of photography and self- applyation. What does the re-create of Ridley and Heeter in full leather drag show about the ideological work of portraiture writ large? What does this photograph expose about the relationship between power, eroticism, theatricalit y and range of a function fashioning? Given that some(prenominal) sets of questions relate to the emphasis between the pictures subject matter and its representational codes, is it jolly to conclude that the relationship between confineedness the sadomasochistic couple and form the family portrait makes Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter such an arresting photograph? More precisely, is it the photographs combination of form and content which helps us to see the never-before-related phenomena sadomasochistic couple and formal portrait in a different way, that makes this photograph worthy of critical summary?In the following chapters I will focus on the relationship between form and content in Mapplethorpes depictions, with assistance to his sex pictures. The fundamental interaction of form and content in these images, I contend, trains the viewer to see in a new way not barely to see the specific subject matter differently, but to see the practice of image making in art or in life differently. The beauty of Mapplethorpes images renders culturally unpalatable subject matter attractive and desirable. The stylised composition of Mapplethorpes images in addition reflects in the forms of self-stylisation within the images, using photographic style to expose person-to-person styling as an equivalent staging, construction and consummation. Form and content, then, function sometimes co-operatively, sometimes in opposition to make the mantrap aware of the assumptions they bring to the photograph. The abridgment of Mapplethorpes images will attend not only to how he represents masculinity and the performance of gay male identity but withal to how his images draw precaution to the kinetics of representation itself.Most commentators identify the curious disjunction between the optic appeal of his photographs as pictures and the discomforting nature of his subject matter as the quintessential element of Mapplethorpes pictorial style. Arthur Danto, one of Mapplethorpes staunchest defenders characterises the artists work as both Dionysian and Apollonian at once. According to Danto, the informal energy of the images content has a dialectic relationship to their chastely classic style of presentation this tension is so profound, Danto finds Hegels notion of aufhebung a multipurpose concept with which to address Mapplethorpes images. The veto and unsettling content of Mapplethorpes images is not erased by their pristine and mannered formalisation, and up to now the most sexually explicit of Mapplethorpes images both go beyond and fail as pornography, precisely because of their crisp beauty and clean elegance. The content is preserved. But it is as well negated, and it is transcended, and that means the work cannot merely be reduced to its content. Ingrid Sischy, one of the most eloquent writers on Mapplethorpes sexual imagery, identifies this tension between form and content as the source of shock in Mapplethorpes photograph s What shocks isnt just the material, but how it is so artfully presented. The content, lighting, composition, sense of order and aesthetics all combine to afford the photograph an unforgettable impact. The photographs impact depends on the audacious choice to present the forbidden, the transgressive, the underground, the violent, and the repressed in a beautiful manner. As Sischy goes on to observe, Mapplethorpes midsection for beauty enables the pictures to challenge, among other things, prevailing notions about sadomasochism and homoeroticism. Germano Celants sample in the history from a Guggenheim exhibition compares Mapplethorpes photographs with Mannerist paintings. He palisades that Mapplethorpes style works to both take away and legitimise the content of his images by linking them to aesthetic codes of the past. Extending Dantos observation about the impressiveness of the tension between form and content for understanding Mapplethorpes work aesthetically, Sischy and C elant argue that this tension is the key to evaluating Mapplethorpes images politically. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter illustrates how the relationship between form and content functions crosswise Mapplethorpes body of work. As already noted the tension between the mundanity of the portraits telescope and style and the atypicality of the subjects costume and identity generates the images energy and arrests the viewers attention. As Danto observes They determine as though this were the most natural thing in the world for them to be doing in their middle-class sustenance room. But what is a sexual slave doing sitting that way in a well-fixed armchair? Form and content as well as generate tension with respect to time. To what historical moment does this photograph rightfully belong? As several commentators have noted, Mapplethorpes sex photographs are important, if for no other reason, because they document a certain gay male subculture whose adherents failed to survive the ravage s of Aids. This subject matter, closely tied to the sexual exploration of the 70s, was captured, however, using a optical aesthetic associated with late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century photography, if not older notions of symmetry, order and perfection. As Joan Didion observed in her introductory essay to Mapplethorpes collection of female portraits, Some WomenRobert Mapplethorpes work has often been seen as an aesthetic sport, so entirely outside any historical or social context, and so new, as to resist interpretation. This newness has in fact become so fixed an idea about Mapplethorpe that we tend to overlook the source of his strength, which derived, from the beginning, less(prenominal) from the shock of the new than from the shock of the old. There was, above all, the uncertain imposition of order on chaos, of classical form on impossible images.Didions comments clarify that Mapplethorpes images are neither without historical context nor fixed within a wiz historical context. Instead, subject and style belong to different, and ostensibly disparate, historical moments and social milieu. The form of Mapplethorpes photographs, however, renders the content of his images thinkable, palatable, legitimate. Mapplethorpes combination of form and content, then, is anything but dilettantism.Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter as well as plays with the distinction between public and private blank spaces. The space of the picture is a living room, a domestic space, a space confidential from the worlds prying eyes and attendant judgements. The sexual identity evoked by the subjects costumes as well as signifies private space they are culturally understood as taboo, necessitating secrecy. The space of the portrait, both generally as a visual form and specifically as an artefact in a book or gallery, is, however, public. The staged presentation of these subjects underlines that they are opening their private spaces to public testing. This picture is not a snapsh ot it is not a candid photo it is not an image captured on the sly as in the work of Garry Winogrand. It is, instead, a formal portrait that required preparation and planning. As Danto points out, when emphasising the relationship of trust that Mapplethorpe must have developed with his photographic subjects, indicated by the telescopes, the staging, the protective(predicate) execution and the use of names, in the photographs titles, it is clear that Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter, like Mapplethorpes other subjects, have consented to having this image made. They have admitted Mapplethorpe (and, consequently, the viewer) into their lives, such that the photographer and, consequently, the viewer shares a moral space with them. Heeter and Ridleys consensual act of opening their home works to desex the attestator non-consensually in a common, private space. This exposure of the taboo to public scrutiny compels the viewer to accept this intrusion into the public sphere by voluntarily op ening the walls of their private space, Ridley and Heeter have challenged the boundaries of what is acceptable in the public space. The form of the photograph as a posed portrait, then, sharpens the political challenge of its content.The impress of the boundary between public and private establishes a complicated relationship between the image and temporality. As a portrait, Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter is the memorialisation of a single instant in the life of this couple. At the same time, given the disconnectedness between their regalia and their tantrum, the portrait necessarily invokes a before and an after. until now as Heeters and Ridleys costumes mean a particular set of sexual practices, they are not practices that likely take place (primarily) in the space in which they are photographed. Their costumes suggest the space of the playroom, the dungeon, the sex club places significantly different from the one they occupy. The portrait evokes a place and time outside the milieu of the setting for the erotic activity it suggests. Because the sexual activity suggested by this photograph is understood as taboo, as requiring a private space, even though it is being exposed to a public viewing, the portrait also intimates that these costumes and these roles are not the totality of the lives of these portrait subjects. Just as the picture suggests other times and places for sexual activity, the specificity of the intimated sexual activity, by negative implication, suggests non-sexual times and places in these subjects lives that require different styles of self-presentation. The temporal and spatial limitations on this particular self-stylisation are underlined by the incongruity of costume and setting. The form/content distinctions of this image, then, invest it with a temporal dimension.The photograph suggests a relationship of dominance and submission the power dynamics at play in the image, however, are neither unproblematic nor singular. On the most basic level, there is the power of the gaze, a power generated by the image that situates both the spectator and the pictorial subject. This gaze arguably belongs to Mapplethorpe and the spectator and is exercised against Heeter and Ridley. Even if Heeter and Ridley have been costumed, posed, lit and framed by Mapplethorpe, to vociferation that they have been objectified by his gaze fails to account for the complexity of the image. Ridley and Heeter both look at the camera with hard and fixed stares they are not handsome over their bodies, their lives or their subjectivities to the spectator. Ridley and Heeter each adopt a physical pose that underpins the defiance of their respective looks Heeters nonchalant stance and Ridleys open-legged seating position situate them in the full solidity of their corporeal frames. When looking at Heeter and Ridley, the spectator is just as likely to feel intimidated, challenged and threatened as in control of the image. In this way, the power Ri dley and Heeter retain vis--vis the gaze relates to and underscores their consent to the image-making process. At the same time, their tight leather outfits draw attention to the precise contours of their bodies. The gold studs on Heeters codpiece and the positioning of Ridleys legs and hands also draw visual attention to their respective genital regions. In this way the portrait trades in tralatitious mechanisms of eroticising and objectifying its subjects. Because they have been trapped in the image, and because this photograph will now give out freely outside of their control, however, their resistance to the power of the scopic regime is limited and partial. The photograph, then, transforms Heeter and Ridley into objects for contemplation. The spectators visual inspection of them, however, is interrupted by their respective looks, their physical poses and the iconography of sadomasochism within the photograph. The gaze that structures this image is neither straightforward no r unidirectional.The power dynamic between the portraits subjects is also complex. Heeters superior vertical position along with his grasp of the riding crop and Ridleys chains are evidence of his dominance. At the same time Ridley is foregrounded in the pictorial space and his face is both more clearly visible(a) and more brightly lit, making him the focus of visual attention. Ridleys name is also given priority in the portraits title. While this priority is consistent with occidental left-to-right titling practice, it runs against the perceived practice of many sadomasochistic practitioners who often deny the implemental partner the referential use of a name, personal pronouns or even capital letters. As Richard Meyer observed when arguing that the formal properties of Mapplethorpes photographs often work to undo the power dynamics of his images content The contradictions of this portrait defeat any essentialist interpretation of Ridley and Heeter in (or as) their sadomasochist ic roles. Building on a close adaptation of the Meyer article, I would add that it is the compositional elements of the picture that serve to disrupt the meaning of its specific iconography. In other words, with respect to how the picture trades in the erotics of dominance and submission, the form of the image undercuts its manifest content.The incongruity of costume and setting also works to complicate the readings of power in the image. In an essay largely critical of Mapplethorpes images, C. S. Manegold writes that the dream promised by this portrait is one of pain, of submission, of servitude, a willing walk toward death. She goes on to claim that Mapplethorpes sadomasochistic photographs are funded by a fascistic aesthetic. While I agree that this image trades in the iconography of domination and submission, I would dispute that the leather shift is Nazi-esque, it is merely hyper-masculine and owes much more to the motorcycle cop or the cowboy than any change of Nazi influen ce, there are certainly no badges or insignia to indicate such a position and is merely Manegold herself showing what her personal/political history brings to the table in terms of domination. Any mental picture of the image as representing only a single form of erotic or gendered self-presentation founders on the details of the photograph itself. Looking only at Heeters riding crop and studded cod-piece or only at Ridleys handcuffs and locked collar, Manegolds characterisation of the image as one infused with pain and death and fascinated with a fascistic masculinity may seem self-justified. What happens, however, when the spectator notices the antique governance clock, the carefully arranged books or the delicate figurines that are also part of the picture? Are these details irrelevant? Do they also signify death and embody fascism? Or do they expose the sadomasochistic self-presentation of Ridley and Heeter as convincing, chilling, arousing, and disturbing as it force be as, at root, a performance, a ritual, an enactment? Although it is implicit in what I said about the image and temporality previously, it bears emphasising that insofar as the portrait highlights the performative nature of (sadomasochistic or masculine) identity, this also relates to the temporality of the image. Because a performance requires a repeated bodily gesture, it also requires temporal duration. In other words, does the incongruity between the general setting and the specific costuming show that each signifies an alternative way to fashion a life? A less incongruous picture could have been crafted by stripping the room bare of furniture, positioning Ridley on his knees and painting the walls black. evenly less incongruous a picture could also have been crafted by stripping Ridley of his chains, positioning Heeter on the arm of the chair and dressing the pair in flannels and blazers. The posing of this master-slave duo in a well-appointed, to the point of chi-chi, living room , however, shows that the respective systems of decoration are fully parallel, even though they might imply different relationships to hegemonic masculinity. What Mapplethorpe has done is signify hyper-masculinity and then gone on to problematise it.By focusing the spectators attention on the stylisation of their clothing and shore through its sharp focus and bright lighting, the style of the portrait underlines that Ridley and Heeters gear is drag, a costume, a mode of self-presentation, a performance. In addition, by staging Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter in a setting where their self-presentation as devotees of sadomasochistic eroticism would stand out in exaggerated bas-relief, the portrait calls attention to the artifice, the staginess of their chosen identity. The inherent theatricality of the picture is further emphasised by the dynamics of sadomasochistic erotic play itself. Given its emphasis on roles, costumes, props, scenes, the adornment of the body and implements of sex ual arousal, sadomasochism despite the reality of the pain/pleasure experienced by its participants is a complex set of ritualised gestures. With these features in mind, it becomes easier to see how form and content are not merely in productive tension, but are virtually undone almost reversed by the portrait.Previously I identified the sadomasochistic couple as the content of the portrait, but the emphasis on performance, artifice and theatricality demonstrates that the term sadomasochistic couple is as much a formal trope enabling a reading of a situation as it is a pre-interpretive category with content. The viewer identifies Lyle Heeter and Brian Ridley as practitioners of sadomasochism not because their portrait contains sexual content, but because it trades in the signifying codes of the leather uniform. Brian Ridley and Lyle Heeter provides no evidence that its subjects infix in sadomasochistic acts it reveals only that they understand how to participate in sadomasochist ic signification. If this portrait were placed next to one of a gay male couple in jeans and t-shirts posed in their living room and another couple in biker gear in a fetish bar, the mobility of sadomasochistic couple as an interpretive grid would be much clearer. By the same token, the classical and mannered stylisation of the image is not merely the formal code by which this portrait has been organised it is the very subject matter of the photograph. On the one hand, Heeter and Ridley, as a sadomasochistic couple, are irrelevant i.e. negated and transcended. They are little more than one possible signifier that enables a set of meanings and associations to attach to an image. Other visual and cultural incongruities could have been used to achieve the same kind of shock and disorientation. On the other hand, Ridley and Heeters identity as a sadomasochistic couple is absolutely essential to the image, not because it is at odds with the domestic setting of the portrait, but because sadomasochism as a highly theatrical, self-aware, ritualised mode of erotic behaviour fraught with its own contradictions and tensions provides the most useful set of signifying codes for exploring the formal concerns about self-stylisation with which the portrait engages. The theatricality of sadomasochism, captured in a highly stylised portrait exposes the performance of masculinity that Heeter and Ridley and countless others are attempting. In this way that portraits iconography both participates in and potentially disrupts certain fantastic constructions of the masculine self. Sadomasochism, then, is a useful point of entry into Mapplethorpes larger body of work not only because it is the subject matter of a large number of his photographs or it is the subject matter that catapulted him to fame, but because sadomasochism as a practice is so straightway parallel to the notions of theatrical self-presentation with which Mapplethorpes images deal. As noted previously, it is n ot only the thematic of the photographs that are important, but also how they train the viewer to see.